Scholarship on Medieval Icelandic Culture

Agnes S. Arnórsdóttir. Property and Virginity: The Christianization of Marriage in Medieval Iceland, 1200-1600. Aarhus UP, 2010.

Anderson, Joel. “Disseminating and Dispensing Canon Law in Medieval Iceland.” Arkiv För Nordisk Filologi, no. 128, 2013, pp. 79–95.

Andrén, Anders. Tracing Old Norse Cosmology: The World Tree, Middle Earth and the Sun in Archeaological Perspectives. Nordic Academic Press, 2014.

Ármann Jakobsson. “Snorri and His Death: Youth, Violence, and Autobiography in Medieval Iceland.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 75, no. 3, U of Illinois P, Oct. 2003, pp. 317–40.

Ármann Jakobsson, and Fredrik Heinemann. A Sense of Belonging: Morkinskinna and Icelandic Identity, c.1220. UP of Southern Denmark, 2014.

Arnold, Martin. The Vikings: Culture and Conquest. Hambledon Continuum, 2007.

Artelius, Tore, and Svanberg, Fredrik. Dealing with the Dead: Archaeological Perspectives on Prehistoric Scandinavian Burial Ritual. National Heritage Board, 2005.

Bandlien, Bjørn. Strategies of Passion: Love and Marriage in Medieval Iceland and Norway. Brepols, 2005.

Bjarni F. Einarsson. The Settlement of Iceland, A Critical Approach: Granastaðir and the Ecological Heritage. Íslenska bókmenntafélag, 1995.

Brink, Stefan., and Price, Neil S. The Viking World. Routledge, 2012.

Bryan, Eric. “Prospective Memory of Death in Old Norse and Icelandic Sources.” Neophilologus, Springer Nature B.V., Apr. 2019, pp. 1–18, doi:10.1007/s11061-019-09609-6.

Bryndís Sverrisdóttir. Bláklædda konan: ný rannsókn á fornu kumli = Bundled-up in blue: the re-investigation of a Viking grave. Þjóðminjasafn Íslands, 2015.

Burns, Annika, et al. “Micromorphological and Chemical Investigation of Late-Viking Age Grave Fills at Hofstaðir, Iceland.” Geoderma, vol. 306, Elsevier B.V., Nov. 2017, pp. 183–94, doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.06.021.

Burrows, Hannah. “Cold Cases: Law and Legal Detail in the Íslendingasögur.” Parergon, vol. 26, no. 1, Australian and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 2009, pp. 35–56, doi:10.1353/pgn.0.0095.

Byock, Jesse L. “Saga Form, Oral Prehistory, and the Icelandic Social Context.” New Literary History, vol. 16, no. 1, Johns Hopkins UP, Oct. 1984, pp. 153–73, doi:10.2307/468780.

Byock, Jesse L. “Governmental Order in Early Medieval Iceland.” Viator, vol. 17, University of California Press Books Division, Jan. 1986.

Byock, Jesse L. Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power. U of California P, 1988.

Byock, Jesse L., et al. “Viking Age Iceland.” European Journal of Archaeology, vol. 6, no. 3, 1 Dec. 2003, pp. 328–29.

Byock, Jesse L.. Viking Language. Jules William Press, 2013.

Callow, Chris. “Reconstructing the Past in Medieval Iceland.” Early Medieval Europe, vol. 14, no. 3, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Aug. 2006, pp. 297–324, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2006.00184.x.

Callow, Chris and Charles Evans. “The Mystery of Plague in Medieval Iceland.” Journal of Medieval History, vol. 42, no. 2, Routledge, Mar. 2016, pp. 1–31, doi:10.1080/03044181.2016.1149503.

Carroll, Jayne, et al. The Vikings in Britain and Ireland. British Museum, 2014.

Carter, Tara. Iceland’s Networked Society: Revealing How the Global Affairs of the Viking Age Created New Forms of Social Complexity. Brill, 2015.

Cipolla, Craig. “A Viking’s Life.” ROM, vol. 50, no. 2, Royal Ontario Museum, Oct. 2017, pp. 24–2.

Clark, David. Gender, Violence, and the Past in Edda and Saga. 1st ed., Oxford UP, 2012.

Cormack, Margaret. “Possible Christian Place-Names in Medieval Iceland.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, no. 6, Jan. 2010, pp. 31–82, doi:10.1484/j.vms.1.102136.

Dubois, Thomas A. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. UP of Pennsylvania, 1999.

Durrenberger, E. Paul. The Dynamics of Medieval Iceland: Political Economy & Literature. U of Iowa P, 1992.

Elisabeth Astrup, Eva, and Martens, Irmelin. “Studies of Viking Age Swords: Metallography and Archaeology.” Gladius, vol. 31, no. 0, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2011, pp. 203–06, doi:10.3989/gladius.2011.0009.

Eriksen, Marianne Hem. Viking Worlds: Things, Spaces and Movement. Oxbow Books, 2014.

Eriksen, Stefka Georgieva. Body and Soul in Old Norse Culture. 2016.

Evans, Gareth Lloyd. Men and Masculinities in the Sagas of Icelanders. Oxford University Press USA - OSO, 2019, pp. 1–170, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831242.001.0001.

Ewing, Thor. Viking Clothing. Tempus, 2006.

Fedrigo, Anna, et al. “Neutron Imaging Study of ‘pattern-Welded’ Swords from the Viking Age.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, vol. 10, no. 6, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Sept. 2018, pp. 1249–63, doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0454-5.

Fransen, Lilli, et al. Medieval Garments Reconstructed Norse Clothing Patterns. Aarhus UP, 2011.

Faulkes, Anthony. A New Introduction to Old Norse. 3rd ed., Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London, 2005.

Ferguson, Robert. The Hammer and the Cross: A New History of the Vikings. Allen Lane, 2009.

Firth, Hugh. “Coercion, Vengeance, Feud and Accommodation: Homicide in Medieval Iceland.” Early Medieval Europe, vol. 20, no. 2, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, May 2012, pp. 139–75, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2012.00339.x.

Foote, Peter, and Wilson, David M. The Viking Achievement: The Society and Culture of Early Medieval Scandinavia. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1970.

Garipzanov, Ildar H., and Bonté, Rosalind. Conversion and Identity in the Viking Age. Brepols Publishers n.v., 2014.

Glubok, Shirley., and Nook, Gerard. The Art of the Vikings. Macmillan, 1978.

Goeres, Erin Michelle. The Poetics of Commemoration: Skaldic Verse and Social Memory, c. 890-1070. First edition., Oxford UP, 2015.

Graham-Campbell, James. Viking Art. Thames & Hudson, 2013.

Graham-Campbell, et al. Silver, Butter, Cloth: Monetary and Social Economies in the Viking Age. First edition., Oxford UP, 2019.

Graham-Campbell and Williams, Gareth. Silver Economy in the Viking Age. Left Coast Press, 2007.

Griffith, Paddy. The Viking Art of War. Greenhill Books, 1998.

Guðrún Sveinbjarnardóttir. Farm Abandonment in Medieval and Post-Medieval Iceland: an Interdisciplinary Study. Oxbow Books, 1992.

Guðrún Sveinbjarnardóttir. “The Use of Geothermal Energy at a Chieftan’s Farm in Medieval Iceland.” Archaeology International, vol. 7, Ubiquity Press, Oct. 2003, pp. 22–26, doi:10.5334/ai.0707.

Hastrup, Kirsten. Culture and History in Medieval Iceland: An Anthropological Analysis of Structure and Change. Oxford UP, 1985.

Hall, Mark. “Viking Age Ironworking: The Evidence from Old Norse Literature.” Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, vol. 79, Jan. 1995, pp. 195–203.

Hall, R. A. (Richard Andrew). The World of the Vikings. Thames & Hudson, 2007.

Harrison, Ramona. “Small holder farming in early medieval Iceland.” Archaeologia Islandica, Jan. 2010.

Hayeur Smith, Michèle. Draupnir’s Sweat and Mardöll’s Tears: An Archaeology of Jewellery, Gender and Identity in Viking Age Iceland. John and Erica Hedges, 2004.

Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, et al. “A Female Viking Warrior Confirmed by Genomics.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 164, no. 4, 2017, pp. 853–60, doi:10.1002/ajpa.23308.

Helle, Knut. “Viking Culture.” The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, vol. 1, Cambridge UP, 2003, pp. 121–46, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521472999.008.

Hermann, Pernille, et al. Minni and Muninn: Memory in Medieval Nordic Culture. Brepols, 2014.

Hupfauf, Peter R. Tracing Their Tracks: Identification of Nordic Styles from the Early Middle Ages to the End of the Viking Period. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.

Jensen, Bo. Viking Age Amulets in Scandinavia and Western Europe. Archaeopress, 2010.

Jesch, Judith. Women in the Viking Age. Boydell Press, 1991.

Jesch, Judith. Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Boydell Press, 2001.

Jesch, Judith. Viking Poetry of Love and War. The British Museum, 2013.

Jesch, Judith. The Viking Diaspora. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

Jennbert, Kristina. Animals and Humans: Recurrent Symbiosis in Archaeology and Old Norse Religion. Nordic Academic Press, 2011.

Jochens, Jenny. Old Norse Images of Women. U of Pennsylvania P, 1996.

Jochens, Jenny. “Old Norse Magic and Gender.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 63, no. 3, U of Illinois P, July 1991, p. 305.

Jochens, Jenny. Women in Old Norse Society. Cornell UP, 1995.

Johnni Langer. “Viking Age Iceland.” Revista de História, vol. 0, no. 149, Universidade de São Paulo, Dec. 2003, pp. 267–71, doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9141.v0i149p267-271.

Jón Viðar Sigurðsson. Viking Friendship: The Social Bond in Iceland and Norway, c. 900-1300. Cornell UP, 2017.

Jón Viðar Sigurðsson and Thomas Småberg. Friendship and Social Networks in Scandinavia c.1000-1800. Brepols, 2013.

Kári Gíslason. “Within and Without Family in the Icelandic sagas.” Parergon, vol. 26, no. 1, Australian and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 2009, pp. 13–33, doi:10.1353/pgn.0.0145

Kedwards, Dale. “Cartography and Culture in Medieval Iceland.” Imago Mundi, vol. 67, no. 1, Routledge, Jan. 2015, pp. 120–21, doi:10.1080/03085694.2015.974986.

Kendrick, T. D. (Thomas Downing). Late Saxon and Viking Art. Methuen, 1949.

Kerekes, Carrie B. “Discovering Law: Hayekian Competition in Medieval Iceland.” Griffith Law Review, vol. 21, no. 1, 2012, pp. 432–47.

Kershaw, Jane F. “Brooch Use, Culture, and Gender.” Viking Identities, Oxford UP, 2013, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639526.003.0005.

Kershaw, Jane F. “Introduction: Economy, Currency, and Value in the Viking Age.” Silver, Butter, Cloth, Oxford UP, 2018, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0001.

Klæsøe, Iben Skibsted. Viking Trade and Settlement in Continental Western Europe. Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 2010.

Klindt-Jensen, Ole., and Wilson, David M. Viking Art. Allen & Unwin, 1966.

Koszowski, Maciej. “Medieval Iceland: The Influence of Culture and Tradition on Law.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 86, no. 3, U of Illinois P, Dec. 2014, pp. 333–51, doi:10.5406/scanstud.86.3.0333.

Larrington, Carolyne. “Old Norse Women’s Poetry: The Voices of Female Skalds.” Medium Aevum, vol. 80, no. 2, Society for the Study of Mediaeval Languages and Literature, 1 July 2011, pp. 363–64.

Lawing, Sean. “The Place of the Evil: Infant Abandonment in Old Norse Society.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 85, no. 2, U of Illinois P, July 2013, pp. 133–50, doi:10.5406/scanstud.85.2.0133.

Leonard, S. P. (Stephen Pax). Language, Society and Identity in Early Iceland. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

Lewis-Simpson, Shannon. Youth and Age in the Medieval North. Brill, 2008.

Lilja Árnadóttir., and Kiran, Ketil. Church and Art: the Medieval Church in Norway and Iceland. Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, 1997.

Maher, Ruth Ann. Landscapes of Gender, Age and Cosmology: Burial Perceptions in Viking Age Iceland. Archaeopress, 2013.

Maravall Buckwalter, Laura, and Baten, Joerg. “Valkyries: Was Gender Equality High in the Scandinavian Periphery Since Viking Times? Evidence from Enamel Hypoplasia and Height Ratios.” Economics and Human Biology, Elsevier B.V., 2019, doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2019.05.007.

McTurk, Rory. A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. Blackwell Pub., 2005.

McTurk, Rory. “Archaeology of Economy and Society.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 7–26, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch2.

McTurk, Rory. “Geography and Travel.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 119–35, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch8.

McTurk, Rory. “Historical Background: Iceland 870–1400.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 136–54, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch9.

McTurk, Rory. “Historiography and Pseudo‐History.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 155–72, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch10.

McTurk, Rory. “Language.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 173–89, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch11.

McTurk, Rory. “Laws.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 223–44, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch14.

McTurk, Rory. “Manuscripts and Palaeography.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 245–64, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch15.

McTurk, Rory. “Orality and Literacy in the Sagas of Icelanders.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 285–301, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch17.

McTurk, Rory. “Pagan Myth and Religion.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 302–19, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch18.

McTurk, Rory. “Prose of Christian Instruction.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 338–53, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch20.

McTurk, Rory. “Rhetoric and Style.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 354–71, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch21.

McTurk, Rory. “Runes.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 403–26, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch24.

McTurk, Rory. “Short Prose Narrative ( Þáttr ).” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 462–78, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch27.

McTurk, Rory. “Skaldic Poetry.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 479–502, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch28.

McTurk, Rory. “Social Institutions.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 503–17, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch29.

McTurk, Rory. “Women in Old Norse Poetry and Sagas.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 518–35, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch30.

Mehler, Natascha, et al. “The Sound of Silence—a Ceramic Horn and Its Role in Monasticism in Late Medieval Iceland.” Early Music, vol. 46, no. 4, Oxford UP, Dec. 2018, pp. 551–60, doi:10.1093/em/cay053.

Meijer, Jan. “Corrections in Viking Age Rune-Stone Inscriptions.” Arkiv För Nordisk Filologi, vol. 110, C. W. K. Gleerup, etc., Jan. 1995.

Meylan, Nicolas. Magic and Kingship in Medieval Iceland: The Construction of a Discourse of Political Resistance. Brepols, 2014.

Milek, Karen. “The Role of Pit Houses and Gendered Spaces on Viking-Age Farmsteads in Iceland.” Medieval Archaeology, vol. 56, Jan. 2012, pp. 85–130.

Milek, Karen B., and Roberts, Howell M. “Integrated Geoarchaeological Methods for the Determination of Site Activity Areas: A Study of a Viking Age House in Reykjavik, Iceland. (Report).” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 40, no. 4, Elsevier B.V., Apr. 2013.

Moran, Elizabeth. “‘Devils Liquore’ and ‘Virgins Milke’: Fashion, Fetishism and Jonson’s Line.” Parergon, vol. 26, no. 1, Australian and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 2009, pp. 141–73, doi:10.1353/pgn.0.0141.

Morris, Katherine. Sorceress or Witch?: the Image of Gender in Medieval Iceland and Northern Europe. UP of America, 1991.

Mountfort, Paul Rhys. Nordic Runes: Understanding, Casting, and Interpreting the Ancient Viking Oracle. Destiny Books, 2003.

Mundal, Else. The Double Impact of Christianization for Women in Old Norse Culture. Carocci, 2001.

Mundal, Else, and Doležalová, L. “Memory Of The Past And Old Norse Identity.” The Making of Memory in the Middle Ages, vol. 4, 2010, pp. 463–72, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004179257.i-500.86.

Nordal, Guðrún. Skaldic Versifying and Social Discrimination in Medieval Iceland. Viking Society for Northern Research, 2003.

Nordal, Guðrún. Tools of Literacy the Role of Skaldic Verse in Icelandic Textual Culture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. U of Toronto P, 2001.

Norrman, Lena Elisabeth. Viking Women: The Narrative Voice in Woven Tapestries. Cambria Press, 2008.

Orkisz, Jan H. “Pole-Weapons in the Sagas of Icelanders: a Comparison of Literary and Archaeological Sources.” Acta Periodica Duellatorum, vol. 4, no. 1, Sciendo, Apr. 2016, pp. 177–212, doi:10.1515/apd-2016-0006.

Orning, Hans Jacob. “The Magical Reality of the Late Middle Ages: Exploring the World of the Fornaldarsögur.” Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 35, no. 1, Taylor & Francis, Feb. 2010, pp. 3–20, doi:10.1080/03468750903381639.

Orri Vesteinsson. The Christianization of Iceland: Priests, Power, and Social Change 1000-1300. Oxford UP, 2000.

O’Sullivan, Joanne. “Strung Along: Re-Evaluating Gendered Views of Viking-Age Beads.” Medieval Archaeology, vol. 59, no. 1, Routledge, Jan. 2015, pp. 73–86, doi:10.1080/00766097.2015.1119384.

Overing, Gillian. “A Body in Question: Aging, Community, and Gender in Medieval Iceland.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, vol. 29, no. 2, Duke UP, NC & IL, Apr. 1999, pp. 211–25.

Page, Raymond Ian, and David Parsons. Runes and Runic Inscriptions Collected Essays on Anglo-Saxon and Viking Runes. Boydell Press, 1998.

Patel, Samir. “Viking Finery.” Archaeology, vol. 67, no. 2, Archaeological Institute of America, Mar. 2014, pp. 12–12.

Pedersen, Anne. Dead Warriors in Living Memory: A Study of Weapon and Equestrian Burials in Viking-Age Denmark, AD 800-1000. National Museum, 2014.

Peirce, Ian G. Swords of the Viking Age. Boydell Press, 2002.

Per Bruun. “The Viking Ship.” Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 13, no. 4, 1997, pp. 1282–1289.

Peterson, Paul R. “Old Norse Nicknames: Origins and Terminology.” Names, Routledge, Apr. 2018, pp. 1–10, doi:10.1080/00277738.2018.1452886.

Poulsen, Bjørn., and Sindbæk, Søren M. Settlement and Lordship in Viking and Early Medieval Scandinavia. Brepols, 2011.

Price, Neil, et al. “Viking Warrior Women? Reassessing Birka Chamber Grave Bj.581.” Antiquity, vol. 93, no. 367, Cambridge UP, Feb. 2019, pp. 181–98, doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.258.

Raffield, Ben. “The Slave Markets of the Viking World: Comparative Perspectives on an ‘Invisible Archaeology.’” Slavery & Abolition, Routledge, Mar. 2019, pp. 1–24, doi:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1592976.

Raffield, Ben, et al. “Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 13, Jan. 2017, pp. 165–209, doi:10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355.

Raffield, Ben. “Ingroup Identification, Identity Fusion and the Formation of Viking War Bands.” World Archaeology, vol. 48, no. 1, Routledge, Jan. 2016, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1080/00438243.2015.1100548.

Ragnhild Bjerre Finnestad. “The Study of the Christianization of the Nordic Countries: Some Reflections.” Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, vol. 13, The Donner Institute, Jan. 1990, pp. 256–72,

Ranković, Slavica, et al. Along the Oral-Written Continuum: Types of Texts, Relations, and Their Implications. Brepols, 2010.

Richardson, Hazel. Life of the Ancient Vikings. Crabtree Pub., 2005.

Ricketts, Philadelphia. High-Ranking Widows in Medieval Iceland and Yorkshire: Property, Power, Marriage and Identity in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Brill, 2010.

Riddell, Scott, et al. “Cereal Cultivation as a Correlate of High Social Status in Medieval Iceland.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, vol. 27, no. 5, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Sept. 2018, pp. 679–96, doi:10.1007/s00334-017-0665-4.

Ross, Margaret Clunies. A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics. D.S. Brewer, 2005.

Ross, Margaret Clunies. Old Icelandic Literature and Society. Cambridge UP, 2000.

Sawyer, Birgit. The Viking-Age Rune-Stones Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia. Oxford UP, 2000.

Sayers, William. “Gender Ambiguity in Medieval Iceland: Legal Framework and Saga Dynamics.” Scandinavian - Canadian Studies, vol. 14, Assn for the Advancement of Scandinavian Studies in Canada, Jan. 2002, pp. 1–27.

Schnurbein, Stefanie, and Currid, Brian. “Shamanism in the Old Norse Tradition: A Theory Between Ideological Camps.” History of Religions, vol. 43, no. 2, Nov. 2003, pp. 116–38, doi:10.1086/423007.

Schorn, Brittany. Speaker and Authority in Old Norse Wisdom Poetry. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2017.

Self, Kathleen M. “Remembering Our Violent Conversion: Conflict in the Icelandic Conversion Narrative.” Religion, vol. 40, no. 3, Taylor & Francis Group, July 2010, pp. 182–92, doi:10.1016/j.religion.2009.10.011.

Short, William R. Viking Weapons and Combat Techniques. Westholme, 2009.

Short, William R. Icelanders in the Viking Age: The People of the Sagas. McFarland & Co., 2010.

Siddorn, J. Kim. Viking Weapons & Warfare. New ed., Tempus, 2005.

Sif Ríkharðsdóttir. Emotion in Old Norse Literature: Translations, Voices, Contexts. D. S. Brewer, 2017.

Sjøvold, Thorleif. The Oseberg Find and the Other Viking Ship Finds. Universitetets oldsaksamling, 1976.

Skoglund, G., et al. “Viking and Early Middle Ages Northern Scandinavian Textiles Proven to Be Made with Hemp.” Scientific Reports, vol. 3, no. 1, Oct. 2013, p. 2686, doi:10.1038/srep02686.

Smith, Michèle Hayeur. “Vaðmál and Cloth Currency in Viking and Medieval Iceland.” Silver, Butter, Cloth, Oxford UP, 2018, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0014.

Stahl, Pierre-Brice. “Nicolas Meylan, Magic and Kingship in Medieval Iceland. The Construction of a Discourse of Political Resistance.” Revue de l’histoire des religions, no. 3, Sept. 2017, pp. 546–49.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

Stefoff, Rebecca. The Viking Explorers. Chelsea House, 1993.

Steinsland, Gro. Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Ages Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney, and the Faeroes. Brill, 2011.

Steinunn Kristjánsdóttir and Cecilia Collins. “Cases of Hydatid Disease in Medieval Iceland.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, vol. 21, no. 4, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., July 2011, pp. 479–86, doi:10.1002/oa.1155.

Stephenson, I. P. (Ian P.). Viking Warfare. Amberley Pub., 2012.

Stigsørensen, Marie Louise. “Gender, Matrial Culture, and Identity in the Viking Diaspora.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, no. 5, Jan. 2009, pp. 253–69, doi:10.1484/j.vms.1.100680.

Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif. Old Norse Women’s Poetry: The Voices of Female Skalds. D. S. Brewer, 2011.

Sverrir Jakobsson. “From Reciprocity to Manorialism: On the Peasant Mode of Production in Medieval Iceland.” Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 38, no. 3, Routledge, July 2013, pp. 273–95, doi:10.1080/03468755.2013.803498.

Swenson, Karen. Performing Definitions: Two Genres of Insult in Old Norse Literature. 1st ed., Camden House, 1991.

Turco, Jeffrey. New Norse Studies: Essays on the Literature and Culture of Medieval Scandinavia. Cornell UP, 2015.

Van Deusen, Natalie M. “‘Inn besti hlutr’?; Martha of Bethany and Women’s Roles in Medieval Iceland.” Arkiv För Nordisk Filologi, no. 126, 2011, pp. 73–91.

Vilhjalmur Arnason. “Morality and Social Structure in the Icelandic Sagas.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 90, no. 2, U of Illinois P, Apr. 1991, pp. 157–74.

Wamhoff, Laura Sonja. Isländische Erinnerungskultur 1100-1300: altnordische Historiographie und kulturelles Gedächtnis [Icelandic Culture of Remembrance 1100-1300: Old Norse Historiography and Cultural Memory]. Narr Francke Attempto, 2016.

Wärmländer, Sebastian K.T.S., et al. “Metallurgical Findings from a Viking Age Chieftain’s Farm in Iceland.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 37, no. 9, Elsevier Ltd, 2010, pp. 2284–90, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.04.001.

Wax, Rosalie, and Wax, Murray. “The Vikings and the Rise of Capitalism.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 61, no. 1, U of Chicago P, July 1955, pp. 1–10, doi:10.1086/221656.

Wester, K. “Where are all the Viking helmets?” Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, vol. 121, no. 17, June 2001, pp. 2023–27.

Wicker, Nancy L. “Christianization, Female Infanticide, and the Abundance of Female Burials at Viking Age Birka in Sweden.” Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 21, no. 2, May 2012, pp. 245–62.

Williams, Gareth. The Viking Ship. The British Museum Press, 2014.

Williams, Mary Wilhelmine. Social Scandinavia in the Viking Age. The Macmillan company, 1920.

Wolf, Kirsten. Viking Age: Everyday Life During the Extraordinary Era of the Norsemen. Sterling, 2013.

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