Scholarship on Icelandic Sagas

Abram, Christopher. “Bee-Wolf and the Hand of Victory: Identifying the Heroes of Beowulf and Vǫlsunga Saga.” JEGP, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 116, no. 4, 2017, pp. 387–414.

Anderson, Randi. Moderate Heroism in the Icelandic Outlaw Saga: Social Memory in the Sagas of Egil, Grettir and Gisli. South Dakota State University. 2011.

Andersson, Theodore M. The Problem of Icelandic Saga Origins. Yale University Press. 1964.

Andersson, Theodore M. The Icelandic Family Saga: An Analytic Reading. Harvard UP, 1967.

Andersson, Theodore M. “The Displacement of the Heroic Ideal in the Family Sagas.” Speculum, vol. 45, 1970, pp. 575-93.

Andersson, Theodore M. The Growth of the Medieval Icelandic Sagas (1180-1280). Cornell UP, 2006.

Andersson, Theodore M. “From News to Narrative: Escape Tales in Medieval Iceland.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 86, no. 4, U of Illinois P, Dec. 2014, pp. 379–97, doi:10.5406/scanstud.86.4.0379.

Andersson, Theodore M. “Bjarni Guðnason, Túlkun Heiðarvígasögu (Book Review).” Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 94, no. 3, U of Illinois P, etc., 1 July 1995.

Anlezark, Daniel, editor. Myths, Legends, and Heroes: Essays on Old Norse and Old English Literature. U of Toronto P, 2011.

Annelise Marie, Duncan. A Study of Ethics and Concepts of Justice in two Sagas of Icelandic Outlaws. University Microfilms Inc. 1969.

Antón, Teodoro. “Rituales mágicos en la religión nórdica precristiana: El seiðr en la Saga de Gísli Súrsson/Magic Rituals in Pre-Christian Nordic Religion: seiðr in The Saga of Gísli Súrsson.” ‘Ilu, Revista de Ciencias de las Religiones, vol. 14, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Jan. 2009, pp. 87–100.

Ármann Jakobsson. “The Specter of Old Age: Nasty Old Men in the Sagas of Icelanders.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 104, no. 3, U of Illinois P, July 2005, pp. 297–325.

Ármann Jakobsson. “The Fearless Vampire Killers: A Note About the Icelandic Draugr and Demonic Contamination in Grettis Saga.” Folklore, vol. 120, no. 3, TF, Dec. 2009, pp. 307–16, doi:10.1080/00155870903219771.

Ármann Jakobsson. “Beast and Man: Realism and the Occult in Egils Saga.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 83, no. 1, U of Illinois P, Apr. 2011, pp. 29–44, doi:10.1353/scd.2011.0013.

Ármann Jakobsson. “Vampires and Watchmen: Categorizing the Mediaeval Icelandic Undead.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 110, no. 3, U of Illinois P, July 2011, pp. 281–300, doi:10.5406/jenglgermphil.110.3.0281.

Ármann Jakobsson. Nine Saga Studies: The Critical Interpretations of the Icelandic Sagas. Reykjavik. University of Iceland Press, 2013.

Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir. “Gunnarr and the Snake Pit in Medieval Art and Legend.” Speculum, vol. 87, no. 4, U of Chicago P, pp. 1015–49, doi:10.1017/S0038713412003144.

Barraclough, Eleanor Roseamund. “Grettis Saga Asmundarsonar and Gisla saga Surssonar: Landscape in the Outlaw Sagas.” Scandinavian Studies, Vol. 82, No 4, Winter 2010. 365-388.

Barber, Paul. Vampires, Burial, and Death: Folklore and Reality. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. 1988.

Bjarni Einarsson. “On the Role of Verse in Saga-Literature.” Mediaeval Scandinavia, vol. 7, 1974, pp. 118-25.

Boberg, Inger M. Motif-index of Early Icelandic Literature. Munksgaard, 1966.

Borovsky, Zoe. “‘En hone r blandin mjök’: Women and Insults in Old Norse Literature.” The Cold Counsel: The Women in Old Norse Literature and Myth, edited by Sarah M. Anderson and Karen Swenson, Routledge, 2002.

Brady, Lindy. “An Irish Sovereignty Motif in Laxdola Saga.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 88, no. 1, U of Illinois P, Mar. 2016, pp. 60–76, doi:10.5406/scanstud.88.1.60.

Bullitta, Dario. Niðrstigningar Saga: Sources, Transmission, and Theology of the Old Norse “Descent into Hell”. U of Toronto P, 2017.

Byock, Jesse L. Feud in the Icelandic Saga. U of California P, 1993.

Byock, Jesse L. “The Skull and Bones in Egils saga: A Viking, A Grave, and Paget’s Disease.” Viator, vol. 24, University of California Press Books Division, Jan. 1993.

Byock, Jesse L. “Social Memory and the Sagas: The Case of Egils saga. (Critical Essay).” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 76, no. 3, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Sept. 2004, pp. 299–316.

Callow, Chris. “Putting women in their place? Gender and landscape in Landnámabók.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 7, 2011, pp. 7-28.

Chadwick, N. K. “Norse Ghosts (A Study in the Draugr and the Haugbúi).” Folklore, Vol. 57, No. 2 , June 1946, pp. 50-65.

Clover, Carol J. “The Germanic Context of the Unferþ Episode.” Speculum, vol. 55, no. 3, 1980, pp. 444–468.

Clover, Carol J. Medieval Saga. Cornell UP, 1982.

Clover, Carol J. “Hildigunnr´s Lament.” Structure and Meaning in Old Norse Literature: New Approaches to Textual Analysis and Literary Criticism, edited by John Lindow et al., Odense UP, 1986.

Clover, Carol J. “The Politics of Scarcity: Notes on the Sex Ratio in Early Scandinavia.” New Readings on Women in Old English Literature, eds. Helen Damico and Alexandra Hennessey Olsen, Indiana UP, 1990, pp. 100-134.

Clover, Carol J. “Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe.” Speculum, vol. 68, no. 2, Medieval Academy of America, Apr. 1993, pp. 363–387, doi:10.2307/2864557.

Clover, Carol J, and Lindow, John. Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: a Critical Guide. Cornell UP, 1985.

Cook, Robert. “The Character of Gunnlaug Serpent-Tongue.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 43, no. 1, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Jan. 1971, pp. 1–21.

Cook, Robert. “The Reader in Grettis Saga.” Saga-Book of the Viking Society. Vol 21, 1982-1985. 133-154.

Cook, Robert. “Heroes and Heroism in Njáls saga.” Greppaminni: rit til heiðurs Vésteini Ólasyni sjötugum, Hið Íslenska Bókmenntafélag, 2009.

Davidson, Hilda R. Ellis. “Hostile Magic in the Icelandic Sagas.” The Witch Figure: Essays in Honour of Katharine M. Briggs, edited by Venitia Newall. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.

De Looze, Laurence. “The Outlaw Poet, The Poetic Outlaw: Self-Consciousness in Grettis Saga Asmundarsonar.” Arkiv för nordisk filologi, vol. 106, 1991, pp. 85-103.

Deangelo, Jeremy. “The North and the Depiction of the Finnar in the Icelandic Sagas.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 82, no. 3, U of Illinois P, Oct. 2010, pp. 257–86.

Dubois, Thomas A. “Magic and Witchcraft Historicized, Localized, and Ethnicized: A Response to Stephen Mitchell’s ‘Witchcraft and Magic in the Nordic Middle Ages.’” Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft, vol. 8, no. 1, U of Pennsylvania P, 2013, pp. 82–89, doi:10.1353/mrw.2013.0000.

Felce, Ian. William Morris and the Icelandic Sagas. D. S. Brewer, 2018.

Finch, R. “The Treatment of Poetic Sources by the Compiler of Vǫlsunga Saga.’” Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 16, Viking Society, Jan. 1962.

Finlay, Alison. “Interpretation or Over-Interpretation? The Dating of Two Islendingasögur.” Gripla, vol. 14, 2003, pp. 61-91.

Finlay, Alison. “‘Níð’, adultery and feud in Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa.” Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 23, no. 3, Viking Society, Jan. 1991.

Fjalldal, Magnús. “How Valid Is the Anglo-Scandinavian Language Passage in Gunnlaug’s Saga as Historical Evidence?” Neophilologus, vol. 77, no. 4, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Oct. 1993, pp. 601–09, doi:10.1007/BF00999968.

Fjalldal, Magnús. The Long Arm of Coincidence. The Frustrated Connection between Beowulf and Grettis Saga. University of Toronto Press. 1998.

Gallo, Lorenzo Lozzi. “The Giantess as Foster-Mother in Old Norse Literature.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 78, no. 1, 2006, pp. 1-20.

Garipzanov, Ildar H., and Bonté, Rosalind. Conversion and Identity in the Viking Age. Brepols Publishers n.v., 2014.

Gísli Pálsson, “The Name of the Witch: Sagas, Sorcery, and Social Context,” Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by R. Samson, Cruithne Press, 1991.

Glendinning J. Robert. “Grettis Saga and European Literature in the Late Middle Ages.” Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, Winter 1970. 49-61.

Gos, Giselle. “Women as a Source of heilræði, ‘sound counsel’: Social Mediation and Community Integration in Fóstbrœðra saga.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 108, no. 3, 2009, pp. 281–300.

Gottzmann, Carola L. Njáls saga: Rechtsproblematik im Dienste sozio-kultureller Deutung [Njal’s Saga: Legal Problems in the Duty of Socio-cultural Interpretaion]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1982.

Guðrún Nordal. Skaldic Versifying and Social Discrimination in Medieval Iceland. London. Viking Society for Northern Research, 2003.

Gylfi Gunnlaugsson. “You, Grettir, Are My Nation: On Matthias Jochumsson’s Grettisljóð.” Det norrøne og det nationale: Studier i brugen af Islands gamle litteratur i nationale sammehænge i Norge, Sverige, Island, Storbritannien, Tyskland og Danmark. Edited by Annette Lassen. Reykjavík, 2008.

Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der, and Dietrich. Nordische Heldenromane [Nordic Hero Novels]. J. Max, 1815.

Hamer, Andrew. “It seemed to me that the sweetest light of my eyes had been extinguished.” Introductory Essays on Egils saga and Njáls saga, eds. John Hines and Desmond Slay. Viking Society for Northern Research, 1992, pp. 93-101.

Harris, Joseph C. “Eddic Poetry as Oral Poetry: The Evidence of Parallel Passages in the Helgi Poems For Questions of Composition and Performance.” Edda: A Collection of Essays, edited by Robert J. Glendinning and Haraldur Bessason, U Manitoba P, 1983, pp. 210-42.

Hastrup, Kirsten. Island of Anthropology: Studies in Past and Present Iceland. Odense: Odense University Press 1990.

Hawes, Janice. “The Monstrosity of Heroism: Grettir Ásmundarson as an Outsider.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 80, no. 1, U of Illinois P, Apr. 2008, pp. 19–50.

Heide, Eldar. Áns Saga Bogsveigis: A Counterfactual Egils saga and yet Another Twist on the Myth of Þórr’s Visit to Útgarða-Loki. Universitetsforlaget, 2018.

Heinemann, Fredrik. “Intertextuality in Bjarnar Saga Hítdœlakappa.” Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 23, no. 6, Viking Society, Jan. 1993,

Heinrichs, Anne. “Hallgerðrs saga in der Njála: Der doppelte Blick [Hallgerd’s Story in Njal’s Saga: The Duplicate View].” Studien zum Altgermanischen: Festschrift für Rolf Heller, edited by Heinrich Beck and Else Ebel, de Gruyter, 1994, pp. 327-53.

Helga Kress. “Taming the Shrew: The Rise of Patriarchy and the Subordination of the Feminine in Old Norse Literature.” Cold Counsel: Women in Old Norse Literature and Mythology, edited by Sarah M. Anderson and Karen Swenson, Routledge, 2002, pp. 81-92.

Heller, Rolf. Die literarische Darstellung der frau in den Isländersagas [The Literary Representation of Women in the Icelandic Sagas]. Max Niemeyer, 1958.

Hermann Pálsson. “Drög að siðfræði Grettis sögu [A Draft of Ethics in Grettir’s Saga].” Tímarit Máls og menningar, Dec. 1969.

Hermann Pálsson. Art and Ethics in Hrafnkel’s Saga. Munksgaard, 1971.

Hermann Pálsson. Leyndarmál Laxdælu [The Secret of Laxdæla]. Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjóðs, 1986.

Hermann Pálsson. Mannfræði Hrafnkels sögu og frumþættir [Anthropology of Hrafnkel’s Saga and Primary Components]. Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjóðs, 1988.

Hermann Pálsson. Oral Tradition and Saga Writing. Fassbaender, 1999.

Hermann Pálsson. Uppruni Njálu og hugmyndir [Origin of Njal’s Saga and Thoughts]. Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjóðs, 1984.

Hermann Pálsson. Vínlandið góða og írskar ritningar [The Vinland Chiefs and Irish Scriptures]. Háskólaútgáfan, 2001.

Hermann Pálsson. “Glámsýni í Grettlu [Optical Delusion in Grettir’s Saga].” Gripla, Jan. 1980.

Hermann Pálsson and Baldur Hafstað. Grettis saga og íslensk siðmenning [Grettir’s Saga and Icelandic Civilization]. Hofi, 2002.

Herrmann, Paul. Isländische Heldenromane [Icelandic Hero Novels]. Neuausg. / mit Nachwort von Siegfried Gutenbrunner., Eugen Diederichs, 1966.

Hollander, Lee M. “The Structure of Eyrbyggja saga.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 58, no. 2, 1959, pp. 222-227.

Höyersten, J G. “The berserks - what was wrong with them?” Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening, vol. 124, no. 24, 2004, pp. 3247–50.

Hudson, Helen Mundy. The Narrative Art of Grettis Saga. University of Washington Press. 1983.

Huth, Dirk. Sagas aus Ostisland: die Hrafnkels Saga und andere Geschichten von Macht und Fehde [Sagas from Eastern Iceland: Hrafnkel’s Saga and Other Stories of Might and Feud]. Diederichs, 1999.

Hume, Kathryn. “From Saga to Romance: The Use of Monsters in Old Norse Literature.” Studies in Philology, vol. 77, no. 1, U of North Carolina P, etc., Jan. 1980, pp. 1–25.

Hume, Kathryn. “The Thematic Design of Grettis saga.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 73, no. 4, 1974, pp. 469-486.

Hume, Kathryn. Fantasy and Mimesis: Responses to Reality in Western Literature. New York: Methuen, 1984.

Jesch, Judith. “Two Lost Sagas.” Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 21, Viking Society, Jan. 1982, http://search.proquest.com/docview/1308890967/.

Jesch, Judith. Women in the Viking Age. Boydell Press, 1991.

Jochens, Jenny. “Before the Male Gaze: The Absence of the Female Body in Old Norse.” Sex in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays, edited by Joyce E. Salisbury, Garland Publishing, 1991, pp. 3 - 29.

Jochens, Jenny. Women in Old Norse Society. Cornell UP, 1995.

Jochens, Jenny. Old Norse Images of Women. U of Pennsylvania P, 1996.

Johanna Katrin Fridriksdottir. “Women’s Weapons a Re-Evaluation of Magic in the Islendingasogur. (Critical Essay).” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 81, no. 4, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Dec. 2009, pp. 409–36.

Jón Þorkelsson. Skýringar á vísum í Grettis sögu [Explanations of the Wisdom in Grettir’s Saga]. [s.n.], 1871.

Julian, Linda. “Laxdaela Saga and “The Lovers of Gudrun”: Morris’ Poetic Vision.” Victorian Poetry, vol. 34, no. 3, 1996, pp. 355–371.

Kalinke, Marianne. “Zur Adaptation Orientalischer Bilder in Den Fornaldar-Sogur Northrlanda [Towards an Adaptation of Oriental Images in Northern Legendary Sagas].” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 67, no. 2, U of Illinois P, 1 Apr. 1995, pp. 239–41.

Kennedy, John. Translating the Sagas: Two Hundred Years of Challenge and Response. Brepols Publishers, 2007.

Larrington, Carolyne. “Cold Counsel: Women in Old Norse Literature and Mythology.” Medium Aevum, vol. 72, no. 1, Society for the Study of Mediaeval Languages and Literature, 1 Jan. 2003, p. 185.

Liestol, Knut. The Origin of the Icelandic Family Sagas. Greenwood Press, 1974.

Lindow, John. “‘Íslendingabók’ and Myth.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 69, no. 4, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Oct. 1997, pp. 454–64.

Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier. “Rape in the Icelandic Sagas: An Insight in the Perceptions About Sexual Assaults on Women in the Old Norse World.” Journal of Family History, vol. 40, no. 4, SAGE Publications, Oct. 2015, pp. 431–47, doi:10.1177/0363199015599520.

Lönnroth, Lars. “New and Old Interpretations of Njáls Saga.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 13, Jan. 2017, pp. 101–14, doi:10.1484/J.VMS.5.114352.

Machan, Tim William, and Jón Karl Helgason, editors. From Iceland to the Americas: Vinland and Historical Imagination. Manchester University Press, 2020.

Machan, Tim William. Northern Memories and the English Middle Ages. Manchester University Press, 2020.

Markelova Olga. “The perception of Old Norse literature in modern Icelandic children’s literature.” Vestnik Pravoslavnogo Svâto-Tihonovskogo Gumanitarnogo Universiteta: Seriâ III. Filologiâ, vol. 55, St. Tikhon’s University, July 2018, pp. 52–74.

Martin, John D. “‘Svá lýkr hér hverju hestaðingi’: Sports and Games in Icelandic Saga Literature.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 75, no. 1, U of Illinois P, 2003, pp. 25-44.

Matthías Pétursson. “Þrír karlar og þrjár konur í Njálu [Three Men and Three Women in Njal’s Saga].” Goðasteinn. Heraðsrit Raugæinga, vol. 42, 2006, pp. 29-45.

Mayburd, Miriam. “The Hills Have Eyes: Post-Mortem Mountain Dwelling and the (Super)Natural Landscape in the Íslendingasögur.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 10, Jan. 2014, pp. 129–54, doi:10.1484/J.VMS.5.105215.

Mazo, Jeffery Alan. Folk Traditions and the Emergence of Ethnic Identity in Medieval Iceland. Ann Arbor, Bell and Howell Company, 1991.

McGillivray, Andrew. “The Best Kept Secret: Ransom, Wealth, and Power in Völsunga Saga.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 87, no. 3, U of Illinois P, Oct. 2015, pp. 365–82, doi:10.5406/scanstud.87.3.0365.

Mcmahon, James. “Valkyries, Midwives, Weavers, and Shape-Changers: Atli’s Mother the Snake.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 66, no. 4, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Oct. 1994, pp. 475–87.

McTurk, Rory. “The Supernatural in Njáls saga: a Narratological Approach.” Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 23, no. 1, Viking Society, Jan. 1990.

Miller, William Ian. “Choosing the Avenger: Some Aspects of the Bloodfeud in Medieval Iceland and England.” Law and History Review, vol. 1, 1983, pp. 159-204.

Miller, William Ian. “Justifying Skarpheðinn: Of Pretext and Politics in the Icelandic Bloodfeud.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 55, 1983, pp. 316-44.

Miller, William Ian. “Emotion and the Sagas.” From Sagas to Society: Comparative Approaches to Early Iceland, edited by Gísli Pálsson, Hisarlik, 1992, pp. 89-109.

Morris, Katherine. Sorceress or Witch? The Image of Gender in Medieval Iceland and Northern Europe. UP America, 1991.

Mundal, Else. Dating the Sagas: Reviews and Revisions. Museum Tusculanum Press, 2013.

Ney, Agneta, et al. The Legendary Sagas: Origins and Development. U of Iceland P, 2012.

O’Donoghue, Heather. The Genesis of a Saga Narrative: Verse and Prose in Kormaks Saga. Clarendon Press, 1991.

O’Donoghue, Heather. “Women in Njáls saga.” Introductory Essays on Egils saga and Njáls saga, edited by John Hines and Desmond Slay, Viking Society for Northern Research, 1992, pp. 83-92.

Orning, Hans Jacob. “Legendary Sagas as Historical Sources.” Presses Universitaires de Caen, CRAHAM - Centre Michel de Boüard, Nov. 2016, doi:10.4000/tabularia.2203.

Orning, Hans Jacob. “The Magical Reality of the Late Middle Ages: Exploring the World of the Fornaldarsögur.” Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 35, no. 1, Taylor & Francis, Feb. 2010, pp. 3–20, doi:10.1080/03468750903381639.

Page, R. “The Medieval Saga. By Carol J. Clover (Book Review).” Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 21, Viking Society, 1 Jan. 1982, http://search.proquest.com/docview/1308892042/.

Phelpstead, Carl. “Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow: Hair Loss, the Tonsure, and Masculinity in Medieval Iceland.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 85, no. 1, U of Illinois P, Apr. 2013, pp. 1–19, doi:10.5406/scanstud.85.1.0001.

Phelpstead, Carl. “The Sexual Ideology of Hrolfs Saga Kraka.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 75, no. 1, U of Illinois P, Apr. 2003, pp. 1–24.

Phelpstead, Carl. “Size Matters: Penile Problems in Sagas of Icelanders.” Exemplaria, vol. 19, no. 3, Routledge, Nov. 2007, pp. 420–37, doi:10.1179/175330707X237230.

Phelpstead, Carl. “‘With Chunks of Poetry in Between’: The Lord of the Rings and Saga Poetics.” Tolkien Studies, vol. 5, 2008, pp. 23–38.

Peters, F. J. J. “The Wrestling in Grettis Saga.” Papers on Language & Literature, Vol. 25 Issue 3, Spring 1989, pp. 235–41.

Pizarro, Joachin Martinez. “The Three Meals in Heiðarvíga saga: Repetition and Functional Diversity.” Structure and Meaning in Old Norse Literature: New Approaches to Textual Analysis and Literary Criticism, edited by John Lindow, Lars Lönnroth, and Gerd Wolfgang Weber, Odense UP, 1986, pp. 220-34.

Poole, Russell Gilbert. Skaldsagas Text, Vocation, and Desire in the Icelandic Sagas of Poets. W. de Gruyter, 2001.

Poole, Russell Gilbert. “Myth, Psychology, and Society in Grettis saga.” Alvíssmál, vol. 11, 2004, pp. 3–16.

Poole, Russell Gilbert. “Grettir the Deep: Traditional Referentiality and Characterisation in the Islendingasögur.” 14th International Saga Conference.

Porter, Edel. “Lost in Transmission: Reconstituting Forgotten Verses in Gísla Saga Súrssonar.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 9, Jan. 2013, pp. 173–95, doi:10.1484/J.VMS.1.103881.

Pratt, Diana Volkmann. Hrafnkels Saga Freysgoða: a Structural Analysis. Stanford University, 1972.

Quinn, Judy, and Emily Lethbridge. Creating the Medieval Saga: Versions, Variability and Editorial Interpretations of Old Norse Saga Literature. UP of Southern Denmark, 2010.

Rankovic, Slavica. “The Exquisite Tempers of Grettir the Strong. (Critical Essay).” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 89, no. 3, U of Illinois P, Sept. 2017, pp. 375–412, doi:10.5406/scanstud.89.3.0375.

Richardson, Peter. “‘Vera Varð ek Nökkur’: The Reader, the Women, and the Berserks in Grettir’s Saga,” Arkiv for Nordisk Filologi, vol. 113, 1998, pp. 65-76.

Righter, Ruth G. Structural Analysis of the Fornaldar Sogur Nordrlanda. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1975.

Rowe, Elizabeth. “Generic Hybrids: Norwegian ‘Family’ Sagas and Icelandic ‘Mythic-Heroic’ Sagas.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 65, no. 4, U of Illinois P, Oct. 1993, pp. 539–54.

Self, Kathleen. “The Valkyrie’s Gender: Old Norse Shield-Maidens and Valkyries as a Third Gender.” Feminist Formations, vol. 26, no. 1, Johns Hopkins UP, Apr. 2014, pp. 143–72.

Self, Kathleen. “Remembering our violent conversion: Conflict in the Icelandic conversion narrative.” Religion, vol. 40, Issue 3, 2010, 182-193.

Short, William R. Icelanders in the Viking Age: the People of the Sagas. McFarland & Co., 2010.

Sigurður Nordal. Hrafnkels saga Freysgoða: a study. Trans. R. George Thomas. Wales UP 1958.

Steerling, Nichole Laine. The Other Inside: Icelandic Identity and Foreigners in the Islendingasögur. Ann Arbor. ProQuest, 2008.

Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif. “Nasty, Brutish, and Large Cultural Difference and Otherness in the Figuration of the Trollwomen of the Fornaldar sogur (Icelandic Legendary Sagas).” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 73, no. 2, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, June 2001, pp. 105–24.

Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif. “Ambiguously Gendered: The Skalds Jórunn, Auðr and Steinunn.” Cold Counsel: Women in Old Norse Literature and Mythology, edited by Sarah M. Anderson and Karen Swenson, Routledge, 2002, pp. 261-71.

Ström, Folke. Níð, Ergi and Old Norse Moral Attitudes. Published for the College by the Viking Society for Northern Research, 1974.

Swenson, Karen. Performing Definitions: Two Genres of Insult in Old Norse Literature. Camden House, 1991.

Swinford, Dean. “Form and Representation in Beowulf and Grettis Saga.” Neophilologus, vol. 86, 2002, pp. 613-20.

Taranu, Catalin. “Who Was the Original Dragon-Slayer of the Nibelung Cycle?” Viator, vol. 46, no. 2, May 2015, pp. 23–40, doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.105360.

Thorvaldsen, Bernt Øyvind. “The Níðingr and the Wolf.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 7, Jan. 2011, pp. 171–96, doi:10.1484/J.VMS.1.102621.

Turco, Jeffrey. “Gender, Violence, and the ‘Enigma’ of Gísla saga. (Critical Essay).” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 115, no. 3, U of Illinois P, July 2016, pp. 277–98, doi:10.5406/jenglgermphil.115.3.0277.

Van Deusen, Natalie M. “Sworn Sisterhood? On the (Near-) Absence of Female Friendship from the Íslendingasǫgur.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 86, no. 1, U of Illinois P, Jan. 2014, pp. 52–71, doi:10.5406/scanstud.86.1.0052.

Vésteinn Ólason. Dialogues with the Viking Age: Narration and Representation in the Sagas of the Icelanders. Heimskringla, 1998.

Viðar Hreinsson. “Hver er þessi Grettir? [Who is this Grettir?]” Skáldskaparmál, Jan. 1992.

Viðar Pálsson. Language of Power: Feasting and Gift-Giving in Medieval Iceland and Its Sagas. Cornell University Library, 2016.

Wanner, Kevin J. “Purity and Danger in Earliest Iceland: Excrement, Blood, Sacred Space, and Society in Eyrbyggja Saga.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 5, Jan. 2009, pp. 213–50, doi:10.1484/J.VMS.1.100679.

Waugh, Robin. “Misogyny, Women’s Language, and Love-Language: Yngvildr fagrkinn in Svarfdæla saga.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 70, 1998, pp. 151-94.

Waugh, Robin. “The Foster Mother’s Language: Anti-Representation, Pseudo-Feminization, and Other Consequences of a Mistake of Gender Charm in Heidarviga saga. (Critical Essay).” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 83, no. 3, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Sept. 2011, pp. 307–64, doi:10.1353/scd.2011.0038.

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