Online Bibliographies

The Westward Journeys of Old Norse Mythology

Online Bibliographies

New Works Inspired by Old Norse-Icelandic Literature (Annotated)
Scholarship on Medieval Icelandic Culture
Scholarship on Old Norse Mythology and Icelandic Folklore
Scholarship on Icelandic Sagas

1. New Works Inspired by Old Norse-Icelandic Literature (Annotated)

Allen, Hervey. “Saga of Leif the Lucky.” The Bookman, vol. 58, no. 4, Dec. 1923, pp. 395-403.
*A poem based on Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Anderson, Poul. Mother of Kings. Tor Books, 2001.
*A novel based on Heimskringla and Egils saga written in English

---. Hrolf Kraki’s Saga. Ballatine Books, 1973.
*A novel based on Hrólfs saga kraka written in English

Arentzen, Kristian. Gunlög Ormetunge, dramatisk Digtning [Gunnlaug Worm-Tongue, Dramatic Poetry]. Kaupmannahöfn, 1852.
*A drama based on Gunnlaugs saga written in Danish

Ármann Guðmundsson, et al. Stútungasaga. Reykjavík, 1993.
*A drama based on the Íslendingasögur and Sturlunga saga written in Icelandic

Ármann Jakobsson. Glæsir. JPV, 2011.
*A novel based on Eyrbyggja saga written in Icelandic

---. Síðasti galdrameistarinn [The Last Sorcerer]. JPV, 2014.
*A novel based on Hrólfs saga kraka written in Icelandic

Arnold, Matthew. Balder Dead. 1855.
*A poem based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in English

Ásgeir Jakobsson. Þórður kakali [Thord the Stammerer]. Skuggsjá, 1988.
*A novel based on Sturlunga saga written in Icelandic

Ballantyne, Robert Michael. The Norsemen in the West: or America before Columbus. James Nisbit, 1872.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

Baring-Gould, Sabine. Grettir the Outlaw: A Story of Iceland. London: Blackie and Son, 1890.
*A novel based on Grettis saga written in English

Barmby, Beatrice Helen. Gísli Súrsson: A Drama. Ballads and Poems of the Old Norse Days and Some Translations. Westminster, 1900.
*A play based on Gísla saga Súrssonar together with translations of relevant poems.

Bellows, Henry Adams. “The death-song of Egill the son of Grim.” Highland light and other poems. New York, 1921, pp. 45-53.
*A poem based on Egils saga Skallagrímssonar written in English

---. “On an Icelandic Skald.” Highland light and other poems. New York, 1921, pp. 79.
*A poem based on Egils saga Skallagrímssonar written in English

Benedikt Erlingsson, et al. Ormstunga [Worm-Tongue]. 1996.
*A drama based on Gunnlaugs saga written in Icelandic

Benedikt Erlingsson. Ormstunga: ástarsaga [Worm-Tongue: Love Story]. Námsgagnastofnun, 2003.
*A drama based on Gunnlaugs saga written in Icelandic

Benedikt Gröndal. Drápa um Örvar-Odd [A Poem About Arrow’s Point]. 1851.
*A poem based on Örvar-Odds saga written in Icelandic

---. Gandreiðin [The Witch Ride]. Copenhagen, 1866.
*A drama based on Njáls saga and Tristrams saga written in Icelandic

---. Ragnarökkur. Kvæði um norðurlanda guði [Ragnarok: A Poem About Northland’s Gods]. 1868.
*A poem based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in Icelandic

Bergsveinn Birgisson. Geirmundar saga heljarskinns [The Saga of Geirmund Hellskin]. Bjartur, 2015.
*A novel based on Landnámabók and Grettis saga written in Icelandic

Berry, Francis. I Tell of Greenland. Routledge & Kegan Paul Books, 1977.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

Bjarni Bjarnason. Mannorð [Reputation]. Uppheimar, 2011.
*A novel based on Gautreks saga written in Icelandic

Bjarni Harðarson. Sigurðar saga fóts: Íslensk riddarasaga [Sigurd Foot Saga: Icelandic Romance]. Sæmundur, 2010.
*A novel based on Sigurðar saga fóts written in Icelandic

---. Mörður [Marten]. Sæmundur, 2014.
*A novel based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

Bleibtreu, Karl. Gunnlaug Schlangenzunge: Eine Inselmar [Gunnlaug Serpent-Tongue: An Island Myth]. 1879.
*A novel based on Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu written in German

Bottomley, Gordon. The Riding to Lithend. Thomas B Mosher, 1910.
*A drama based on Njáls saga written in English

Boyer, Elizabeth. Freydis and Gudrid. Veritie Press, 1976.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

Burgess, Melvin. Bloodtide. Andersen Press, 1999.
*A novel based on Völsunga saga written in English.

---. Bloodsong. Penguin, 2007.
*A novel based on Völsunga saga written in English

Brynhildur Þórarinsdóttir. Njála. Mál og menning, 2002.
*A novel based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

---. Egla. Mál og menning, 2004.
*A novel based on Egils saga written in Icelandic

---. Laxdæla. Mál og menning, 2006.
*A novel based on Laxdæla saga written in Icelandic

Brynjólfur Jónsson. Guðrún Ósvífsdóttir. Söguljóð [Gudrun Osvifsdottir: An Epic Poem]. *Reykjavík, 1892.
*A poem based on Laxdæla saga written in Icelandic

Busch, Fritz-Otto. Wikingersegel vor Amerika. Die Saga von Gudrid und Freydis [Viking Sailing Before America: The Saga of Gudrid and Freydis]. Sponholtz, 1966.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in German

Byatt, A. S. Ragnarok: The End of the Gods. London: CanonGate, 2011.
*A novel based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in English

Chapin, Henry. Leif saga: a narrative poem of the Norse discoveries of America. Farrar & Rinehart, 1934.
*A poem based on Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Clark, Joan. Eiriksdottir: A tale of dreams and luck. Penguin, 1993.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

Clay, Beatrice E. Stories from the Saga of “Burnt Njál”. The Story of Gunnar. Horace Marshall & Son, 1907.
*A novel based on Njáls saga written in English

Coxe, Maria M. Son oʼ the North: a saga of Leif the Lucky, and other verses. H. Vinal, 1930.
*A poem based on Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Eddison, E. R. Styrbiorn the Strong. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
*A novel based partly on Jómsvíkinga saga written in English.

Edzardi, Anton. Schön-Helga und Gunnlaug. Eine Dichtung frei nach der altnordischen Gunnlaugs saga [Helga the Beautiful and Gunnlaug: An Independent Poem Following the Old Norse Gunnlaug’s Saga]. Hannover, 1875.
*A poem based on Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu written in German

Einar Kárason. Sagan af Gretti sterka [The Saga of Grettir the Strong]. Mál og menning, 1995.
*A novel based on Grettis saga written in Icelandic

---. Óvinafagnaður [Gathering of Foes]. Mál og menning, 2001.
*A novel based on Sturlunga saga written in Icelandic

---. Ofsi [Violence]. Mál og menning, 2008.
*A novel based on Sturlunga saga written in Icelandic

---. Skáld [Poet]. Mál og menning, 2012.
*A novel based on Sturlunga saga written in Icelandic

Elfar Logi Hanneson. Grettir. The Black Hole Theatre (University of Manitoba), 2015.
*One-man play based on Grettis saga performed in English

Elphinstone, Margaret. The Sea Road. Canongate, 2000.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

Engelhardt, Helene von. “Grettir der Starke [Grettir the Strong].” Im Windesrauschen. Epische Dichtungen. Baumert & Ronge, 1890, pp. 33-70.
*A poem based on Grettis saga written in German

Engelhardt-Pabst, Helene von. Gunnar von Hlidarendi [Gunnar of Hlíðarendi]. Verlag von Hugo Heller & Co., 1909.
*A poem based on Njáls saga written in German

Ewald, Johannes. Rolf Krage. 1770.
*A drama based on Gesta Danorum and Hrólfs saga kraka written in Danish

---. Balders Død [Balder’s Death]. 1773.
*A drama based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in Danish

Foster, Paul. !Heimskringla!; or the Stoned Angels. Calder and Boyars, 1970.
*A drama based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

Fougué, F. H. K. de la Motte. Der Held des Nordens [The Hero of the North]. 1810.
*A drama based on Völsunga saga and Ragnars saga loðbrókar written in German

---. Die Saga von dem Gunnlaugur, genannt Drachenzunge und Rafn dem Skalden. Eine Islandskunde de eilften Jahrhunderts [The Saga of Gunnlaug, Called Dragon-Tongue, and Rafn the Poet: Icelandic Lore of the Eleventh Century]. Vienna: A. Pichler, 1826.
*A novel based on Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu written in German.

French, Allen. The Story of Rolf and the Viking’s Bow. Little, Brown and Co., 1904.
*A novel based on Orkneyinga saga written in English

---. Grettir the Strong. Little, Brown, and Co., 1906.
*A novel based on Grettis saga written in English

---. Heroes of Iceland. Little, Brown, and Co., 1905.
*A novel based on Njáls saga written in English

Friðrik Ásmundsson Brekkan. Ulveungernes broder [Brother of the Wolves]. Woel, 1924.
*A novel based on Njáls saga written in Danish

---. Saga af Bróður Ylfing [Saga of the Wolf Clan Brother]. Þorsteinn M. Jónsson, 1929.
*A novel based on Njáls saga translated into Icelandic from the original Danish

---. Drottningarkyn [Queen Kin]. Bókfell, 1947.
*A novel based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

Gaiman, Neil. American Gods. New York: William Morrow, 2001.
*A novel which incorporates Norse myths/sagas into a wider scheme of world traditions

---. Norse Mythology. New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.
*A novel based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in English

Gerður Kristný. Blóðhófnir [Bloodhoof]. Mál og menning, 2010.
*A poem based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in Icelandic

---. Bloodhoof. Translated by Rory McTurk. Arc Pub., 2012.
*An English translation of an Icelandic poem based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda

Gourdault, Jules. Gunnar et Nial. Scénes et mæurs de la vielle Islande. A. Mame, 1885.
*A novel based on Njáls saga written in French

Gray, Thomas. The Descent of Odin. 1768.
*A poem based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in English

---. The Fatal Sisters. 1768.
*A poem based on Njáls saga written in English

Green, W.C. “Two Sagas from Iceland (I. Gunnar’s Death. II. The Burning of Njal).” Blackwood’s Magazine, no. 147, 1890, pp. 103-14.
*A poem based on Njáls saga written in English

Grímur Thomsen. “Gunnars-ríma [Gunnar’s Ballad].” Ljóðmæli, 1880.
*A poem based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

---. “Haugganga Hálfs konungs (vikivaki) [Breaking into Half’s King’s Cairn].” Ljóðmæli, 1880.
*A poem based on Hálfs saga og Hálfsrekka written in Icelandic

---. “Arnljótur gellin.” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Heimskringla written in Icelandic

---. “Átrúnaður Helga magra.” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Landnáma written in Icelandic

---. “Glámur [Rattling].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Grettis saga written in Icelandic

---. “Heimir, krákumál en nýju [Heimir, the Lay of Kraka but New].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Ragnars saga loðbrókar written in Icelandic

---. “Hákon jarl.” Ljóðmæli, Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar written in Icelandic

---. “Hemings flokkur Áslákssonar” [The Story of Heming Aslakssonar]. Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Saga Magnúss konungs og Haralds konungs and Hemings þáttr Áslákssonar written in Icelandic

---. “Íslenskar konur frá söguöldinni; I. Helga fagra [Icelandic Women from the Age of the Sagas: I. Helga the Beautiful].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu written in Icelandic

---. “Íslenskar konur frá söguöldinni; II. Steingerður [Icelandic Women from the Age of the Sagas: II. Steingerdur].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Kormáks saga written in Icelandic

---. “Íslenskar konur frá söguöldinni; III Hildigunnur [Icelandic Women from the Age of the Sagas: III. Hildingunnur].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

---. “Íslenskar konur frá söguöldinni; IV. Bergþóra [Icelandic Women from the Age of the Sagas: IV. Bergthora].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

---. “Íslenskar konur frá söguöldinni; V. Guðrún Ósvífursdóttir [Icelandic Women from the Age of the Sagas: V. Gudrun Osvifursdottir].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Laxdæla written in Icelandic

---. “Jarlsníð [Jarl’s Níð].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar and Þorleifs þáttr jarlsskálds written in Icelandic

---. “Kálfur Árnason og Sveinn Alfífuson [Kalfur Arnason and Sveinn Alfifuson].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Ólafs saga helga written in Icelandic

---. "Olífant (Horn Rollands) [Elephant (Rolland’s Horn)].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Karlamagnús saga written inIcelandic

---. “Sigríður Erlingsdóttir af Jaðri [Sigridur Erlingsdottir of the Border].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Ólafs saga helga and Þáttr Eindriða og Erlings written in Icelandic

---. “Sköfnungur.” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Laxdæla, Hrólfs saga kraka, and Kormákssaga written in Icelandic

---. “Starkaður.” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Gautreks saga written in Icelandic

---. “Tókastúfur.” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn, 1895.
*A poem based on Ólafs saga helga and Þáttr Tóka Tókasonar written in Icelandic

---. “Þrír viðskilnaðir 2. Sverrir konungur [Three Departures: 2. King Sverrir].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt safn. Kaupmannhöfn, 1895.
*A poem based on Sverris saga written in Icelandic

---. “Hár hallgerðar [Hallgerdur’s Hair].” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt og gamalt, 1906.
*A poem based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

---. “Þjóstólfur.” Ljóðmæli. Nýtt og gamalt, 1906.
*A poem based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

Guðmundur Kamban. Jeg ser et stort skønt land [I See a Wondrous Land]. Gyldendal, 1936.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga, Eiriks saga rauða, and Eyrbyggja saga written in Danish

---. Vítt sé ég land og fagurt I og II [Far and Wide I See an Enchanting Land: One and Two]. Helgafell, 1945.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga, Eiriks saga rauða, and Eyrbyggja saga translated into Icelandic

Gunnar Gunnarsson. Hvide Krist [White Christ]. Gyldendal, 1934.
*A novel based on Kristni saga written in Danish

---. Edbrødre. Roman fra Islands landnamstid [The Sworn Brothers: A Novel About the Early Days of Iceland]. Gyldendal, 1918.
*A novel based on Landnámabók written in Danish

---. Vikivaki. Jake Sonarsons efterladte papirer [Vikivaki: Jake Sonarson’s Surviving Papers]. Gyldendal, 1934.
*A novel based on Grettis saga written in Danish

---. et al. The Sworn Brothers: A Tale of the Early Days of Iceland. A. A. Knopf, 1921.
*A novel based on Landnámabók translated into English

Guðlaug Richter. Kappar og konungar [Heroes and Kings]. Mál og menning, 1989.
*A novel based on various Íslendinga þættir written in Icelandic

Grundy, Stephan. Rheingold. Frankfurt am Main, 1992
*A novel based on Völsunga saga written in German

---. Rheingold. Bantam Books, 1994.
*A novel based on Völsunga saga translated into English

Haggard, H. Rider. The Saga of Eric Brighteyes. Hollywood, CA: Newcastle Publishing, 1974.
*A novel based partly on outlaw sagas like Gísla saga and Grettis saga written in English

Haugaard, Erik Christian. Hakon of Rogen’s Saga. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1963.
*A novel based partly on outlaw sagas like Gísla saga and Grettis saga written in English

Hanson, Lida (Siboni). Eric the Red. Doubleday, 1930.
*A novel based on Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Halldór Laxness. Gerpla [Wayward Heroes]. Helgafell, 1952.
*A novel based on Fóstbræðra saga and Óláfs saga helga written in Icelandic

Harris, Joanne M. Runelight. New York: Random House, 2011.
*A novel based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in English

---. The Gospel of Loki. Gollancz, 2014.
*A novel based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in English

---. Runemarks. New York: Random House, 2017.
*A novel based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in English

---. The Testament of Loki. Saga press, 2018.
*A novel based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in English

Hauch, J. Carsen. Saga om Thorvald Vidførle eller den Vidtbereiste [The Saga of Thorvald Vidforle or the Far-travelled]. Reitzel, 1849.
*A novel based on Þorvalds þáttur víðförla written in Danish

Hewlett, Maurice. A Lover’s Tale. Ward, 1915.
*A novel based on Kormáks saga written in English

---. Frey and His Wife. Ward, 1916.
*A novel based on Ögmundar þáttur dytts og Gunnars helmings written in English

---. Thorgils of Treadholt. Ward, 1917.
*A novel based on Flóamanna saga written in English

---. Gudrid the Fair. Constable, 1918.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

---. The Outlaw. Constable, 1919.
*A novel based on Gísla saga written in English

---. The Light Heart. Chapman & Hall, 1920.
*A novel based on Fóstbræðra saga written in English

Hodgetts, J. Fred. Edric the Norseman: A Tale of Adventure and Discovery. The Boy’s Own Paper, 1887-88.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

---. Kormak the Viking; or, The Shield-Borne Boy. The Boy’s Own Paper, 1885.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Hole, Richard. “The Tomb of Gunnar.” The Gentleman’s Magazine vol. 59, 1789, pp. 937.
*A tale based on Njáls saga written in English

Hough, Clara Sharpe. Leif the Lucky. A Romantic Saga of the Sons of Erik the Red. Century, 1926.
*A novel based on Eiriks saga rauða written in English

Howard, Newman. Kjartan the Icelander. A Tragedy. London, 1902
*A drama based on Laxdæla saga written in English

Humble, Richard. Leifur heppni [Leif the Lucky]. Translated by Guðrún Magnúsdóttir, Mál og menning, 1991.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in Icelandic

Indriði G. Þorsteinsson. Útlaginn [The Outlaw]. Prenthúsið, 1981.
*A novel based on Gísla saga written in Icelandic

Igulstad, Frid. Magnus Viking [Magnus the Viking]. Capellen, 2000.
*A novel based on Eiríks saga rauða and Grænlendinga saga written in Norwegian

Irwin, Constance. Gudrid’s Saga. The Norse Settlement in America. A Documentary Novel. St. Martin’s Press, 1974.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

Jacobsen, Jens Peter. Kormak og Stengerde [Kormak and Stengerde]. A. Juncker, 1912.
*A novel based on Kormáks saga written in Danish

Janoda, Jeff. Saga: A Novel of Medieval Iceland. Chicago Review Press, 2005.
*A novel based on Eyrbyggja saga written in English

Janson, Kristofer. Sigmund Bresteson. Bergen, 1872.
*A poem based on Færeyinga saga written in Norwegian

Jensen, Thit. Nial den Vise [Njal the Wise]. Gyldendal, 1934.
*A novel based on Njáls saga written in Danish

Johnston, Robert G. Vinland: The Beginning. Robert G. Johnston, 2010.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

---. Vinland: The Ragnarök. Robert G. Johnston, 2011.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in English

Jóhann Sigurjónsson. Løgneren (Lyga-Mörður) [Lies (A Marten’s Lies)]. Gyldendal, 1917.
*A drama based on Njáls saga written in Danish and Icelandic

Jón Daníelsson. Leifur heppni og Vínland hið góða [Leif the Lucky and Vinland the Good]. Íslendingasagnaútgáfan, 2000.
*A novel based on Eiríks saga rauða and Grænlendinga saga written in Icelandic

Jón Thoroddsen. Vana. 1922.
*A drama based on Ynglinga saga written in Icelandic

Jónas Hallgrímsson. “Gunnarshólmi.” [Gunnar’s Islet] Fjölnir 4, 1838, pp. 31-32.
*A poem based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

Jónas Kristjánsson. Veröld víð: Skáldsaga um ævi og örlög Guðríðar Þorbjarnardóttur, víðförlustu konu miðalda. [Wide World: A Poet’s Saga of the Life and Destiny of Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir, A Far-Travelled, Medieval Woman]. Vaka-Helgafell, 1998.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in Icelandic

Julien, Susanne. Gudrid, la Voyageuse [Gudrid the Traveller]. Pierre Tisseyre, 1991.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in French

Kath, Lydia. Urmutter Unn. Geschichten um altnordische Frauen [Unn the First Mother: Stories of Old Norse Women]. Junge Generation Verlag, 1936.
*A novel based on various stories from the Íslendingasögur written in German

Kay, Guy Gavriel. 2004. The Last Light of the Sun. New York: Penguin.
*A novel based partly on Jómsvíkinga saga written in English.

Kellett, E.E. The Passing of Scyld and other poems. London, 1902.
*Poetry based on Eiríks saga rauða, Grænlendinga saga, Eyrbyggja saga, and Landnámabók written in English

Kristín Steinsdóttir. Vítahringur: Helgusona saga [Vicious Circle: Helga’s Sons’ Story]. Vaka-Helgafell, 2004.
*A novel based on Harðar saga written in Icelandic

Kutzleb, Hjalmar. Dirk Winlandfahrer [Dirk the Vinland Traveller]. Westermann, 1936.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in German

Landor, Walter Savage. “Gunlaug and Helga.” Complete Works 13. Chapman & Hall, 1933.
*A poem based on Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu written in English

Leighton, William. Kormak, an Icelandic Romance of the Tenth Century. Boston, 1861.
*A poem based on Kormáks saga written in English

Liljencrantz, Ottilie Adelina. The Thrall of Leif the Lucky: A Story of Viking Days. A. C. McClurg, 1901.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga, Eiríks saga rauða, and Hávamál written in English

---. The Vinland champions. Appleton and Co., 1904.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Linklater, Eric. The Men of Ness: The Saga of Thorleif Coalbiter’s Sons. J. Cape, 1932.
*A novel based on Orkneyinga saga written in English

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, “The Saga of King Olaf.” Tales of a Wayside Inn, 1863.
*A poem based on Heimskringla written in English

Lucas, F. L. The Lovers of Gudrun: A Tragedy in Five Acts. Four Plays. Cambridge UP, 1935.
*A drama based on Laxdæla saga written in English

Lucka, Emil. Winland. Novellen und Legenden [Novellas and Legends]. Deutsch-österreich. Verlag, 1912.
*A novel based on Eiríks saga rauða written in German

Mackay Brown, George. Magnus. The Hogarth Press, 1973.
*A novel based on Orkneyinga saga written in English

---. Vinland. John Murray/Polygon, 1992.
*A novel written in English

MacNeice, Louis. “Eclogue from Iceland.” Letters from Iceland. 1937.
*A poem partly based on Grettis saga written in English.

Malim, Herbert. Njal and Gunnar. A Tale of Old Iceland. English Literature for Secondary Schools. MacMillan and Co., 1917.
*A novel based on Njáls saga written in English

Matthías Jochumsson. Grettisljóð [Grettir’s Poem]. Skúli Thoroddsen, 1897.
*A poem based on Grettis saga written in Icelandic

Mirsky, Stuart W. The King of Vinland’s Saga. Xlibris, 1998.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Molan, Chris. The Vikings in Vinland. Meuthen Children´s Books Ltd., 1985.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Morris, Kenneth. “The Regent of the North.” The Theosophical Path, 1915.
*A tale inspired by the Christian conversion of Scandinavia written in English.

Morris, William. “The Lovers of Gudrun.” The Earthly Paradise. 1868.
*A poem based on Laxdæla saga, in an anthology of poems which incorporates Norse myths/sagas into a wider scheme of world traditions

---. The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs. Ellis and White, 1876.
*A poem based on the Poetic Edda and Volsunga saga written in English.

---. The Story of the Glittering Plain, Or the Land of Living Men. Kelmscott, 1890.
*A novel which incorporates Norse myths/sagas into a wider scheme of world traditions

Nielsen, Frederick. Siulittuutip eqquunnera. 1982.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in Greenlandic

Njörður P. Njarðvík. Auðunn og ísbjörninn [Audun and the Polar Bear]. Iðunn, 1991.
*A novel based on Auðunnar þáttur written in Icelandic

Oehlenschläger, Adam G. Nordiske Digte [Nordic Poems]. 1807.
*A drama based on the Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, and Heimskringla written in Danish

---. Helge. 1814.
*A drama based on Hrólfs saga kraka written in Danish

---. Hroars saga [Hroar’s Saga]. 1817.
*A novel based on Hrólfs saga kraka written in Danish

---. Nordens Guder [The Gods of the North]. 1818.
*A poem based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in Danish

---. Hrolf krake. 1828.
*A poem base on Hrólfs saga kraka written in Danish

---. Olaf den Hellige. 1836.
*A drama based on Ólafs saga helga written in Danish

---. Landet fundet og forsvunder [A Land Found as well as Lost]. 1846.
*A drama based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiriks saga rauða written in Danish

---. Kiartan og Gudrun [Kjartan and Gudrun]. 1848.
*A drama based on Laxdæla saga written in Danish

Ottis, G.E. Thurid and other poems. Boston, 1874, pp. 1-34.
*Poetry based on Eyrbyggja saga written in English

Ragnheiður Gestsdóttir. Hjartsláttur [Heartbeat]. Mál og menning, 2009.
*A novel based on Tristrams saga ok Ísöndar written in Icelandic

del Rey, Lester. The Day of the Giants. Avalon, 1959.
*A novel based on the Prose Edda and Poetic Edda written in English

Riemann, Robert. Björn der Wiking. Ein germanisches Kulturdrama in vier Akten [Bjorn the Viking: A Germanic Cultural Drama in Four Acts]. Leipzig, 1901.
*A drama based on Eyrbyggja saga written in German

Roberts, Dorothy James. Fire in the Ice. Little, Brown and Co., 1961.
*A novel based on Laxdæla saga and Njáls saga written in English

Schiller, Barbara. Eric the Red and Leif the Lucky. Troll Associates, 1979.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Schoenfeld, E. Dagobert. Kjartan und Gudrun. Ein kulturhistorische Roman von der Wende des zehnten Jahrhunderts auf Island I-II [Kjartan and Gudrun: A Cultural-Historical Novel from the Turn of the Tenth Century on Iceland I-II]. Costenoble, 1898.
*A novel based on Laxdæla saga written in German

Seaver, Kirsten A. Gudrid’s saga. Gyldendal norsk forlag, 1994.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Seeliger, Ewald Gerhard. Freydis Rothaar [Freydis Red-hair]. L. Staackmann, 1915.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in German

Shute, Nevil. An Old Captivity. William Heinemann, 1940.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Shute, Nevil. Vinland the Good. William Heinemann, 1946.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Sigrún Davíðsdóttir. Silfur Egils [Egil’s Silver]. Almenna bókafélagið, 1989.
*A novel based on Egils saga written in Icelandic

Simon, Francesca. The Monstrous Child. Faber and Faber, 2016.
*A novel based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in English

Snedden, Genevra. Leif and Thorkel, Two Norse Boys of Long Ago. World Book Co., 1922.
*A novel based on Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Steen, Thorvald. Konstantinople [Constantinople]. 1999.
*A novel based on Heimskringla written in Norwegian

Steen, Thorvald. Den lille hesten [The Little Horse]. 2002.
*A novel based on Sturlunga saga written in Norwegian

Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Waif Woman: A Cue, from a Saga. Scribner’s Magazine, 1914.
*A novel based on Eyrbyggja saga written in English

Sundman, Per Olof. Berättelsen om Såm [The Story of Sam]. Norstedt, 1977.
*A novel based on Hrafnkels saga Freysgoða written in Swedish

Svava Jakobsdóttir. Gunnlaðar saga [Gunnloth’s Saga]. Forlagið, 1987.
*A novel based on the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda written in Icelandic

Tegnér, Esaias. Frithiofs saga [Frithiof’s Saga]. 1825.
*A poem based on Friðþjófs saga hins frækna written in Swedish

Thor Vilhjálmsson. Morgunþula í stráum [Morning Verse in the Grass]. Mál og menning, 1998.
*A novel based on Sturlunga saga written in Icelandic

---. Sveigur [Wreath]. Mál og menning, 2001.
*A novel based on Sturlunga saga written in English

Tolkien, J. R. R. The Silmarillion. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. HarperCollins, 1977.
*A novel which incorporates Norse myths/sagas into a wider scheme of world traditions

---. The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún. Edited by Christopher Tolkien. HarperCollins, 2009.
*A poem based on the Poetic Edda and Völsunga saga written in English.

Torfhildur Hólm. Kjartan og Guðrún [Kjartan and Gudrun]. Ísafoldarprentsmiðja, 1886.
*A novel based on Laxdæla saga written in Icelandic

Torfi Hjartarson. Egill. Námsgagnastofnun, 1988.
*A novel based on Egils saga written in Icelandic

Treece, Henry. The Burning of Njal. Criterion Books, 1964.
*A novel base on Njáls saga written in English

---. Vinland the Good. Bodley Head, 1967.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

---. Westward to Vinland. Harper torchbooks, 1967.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Velasco, Manuel. Nacido en Vinland [Born in Vinland]. Mentrelínea Editores, 2004.
*A novel based on Eiríks saga rauða and Egils saga written in Spanish

Vilborg Davíðsdóttir. Auður. Mál og menning, 2009.
*A novel based on Laxdæla saga written in Icelandic

Vollmann, William T. The Ice-Shirt. André Deutsch, 1990.
*A novel based on Grænlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða written in English

Williams, Tony. Nutcase. Salt Publishing, 2017.
*A novel based on Grettis saga written in English

Þórunn Valdimarsdóttir. Kalt er annars blóð [Cold is Another’s Blood]. JPV, 2007.
*A novel based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

---. Mörg eru ljónsins eyru [The Lion has Many Ears]. JPV, 2010.
*A novel based on Laxdæla saga written in Icelandic

Þorsteinn Stefánsson. Grettir sterki [Grettir the Strong]. Translated by Sigrún Klara Hannesdóttir. Skjaldborg, 1991.
*A novel based on Grettis saga written in Icelandic

Þórður Helgason. Þar var ég [There I Was]. Reykjavík, 1989.
*A poem based on Njáls saga written in Icelandic

2. Scholarship on Medieval Icelandic Culture

Agnes S. Arnórsdóttir. Property and Virginity: The Christianization of Marriage in Medieval Iceland, 1200-1600. Aarhus UP, 2010.

Anderson, Joel. “Disseminating and Dispensing Canon Law in Medieval Iceland.” Arkiv För Nordisk Filologi, no. 128, 2013, pp. 79–95.

Andrén, Anders. Tracing Old Norse Cosmology: The World Tree, Middle Earth and the Sun in Archeaological Perspectives. Nordic Academic Press, 2014.

Ármann Jakobsson. “Snorri and His Death: Youth, Violence, and Autobiography in Medieval Iceland.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 75, no. 3, U of Illinois P, Oct. 2003, pp. 317–40.

Ármann Jakobsson, and Fredrik Heinemann. A Sense of Belonging: Morkinskinna and Icelandic Identity, c.1220. UP of Southern Denmark, 2014.

Arnold, Martin. The Vikings: Culture and Conquest. Hambledon Continuum, 2007.

Artelius, Tore, and Svanberg, Fredrik. Dealing with the Dead: Archaeological Perspectives on Prehistoric Scandinavian Burial Ritual. National Heritage Board, 2005.

Bandlien, Bjørn. Strategies of Passion: Love and Marriage in Medieval Iceland and Norway. Brepols, 2005.

Bjarni F. Einarsson. The Settlement of Iceland, A Critical Approach: Granastaðir and the Ecological Heritage. Íslenska bókmenntafélag, 1995.

Brink, Stefan., and Price, Neil S. The Viking World. Routledge, 2012.

Bryan, Eric. “Prospective Memory of Death in Old Norse and Icelandic Sources.” Neophilologus, Springer Nature B.V., Apr. 2019, pp. 1–18, doi:10.1007/s11061-019-09609-6.

Bryndís Sverrisdóttir. Bláklædda konan: ný rannsókn á fornu kumli = Bundled-up in blue: the re-investigation of a Viking grave. Þjóðminjasafn Íslands, 2015.

Burns, Annika, et al. “Micromorphological and Chemical Investigation of Late-Viking Age Grave Fills at Hofstaðir, Iceland.” Geoderma, vol. 306, Elsevier B.V., Nov. 2017, pp. 183–94, doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.06.021.

Burrows, Hannah. “Cold Cases: Law and Legal Detail in the Íslendingasögur.” Parergon, vol. 26, no. 1, Australian and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 2009, pp. 35–56, doi:10.1353/pgn.0.0095.

Byock, Jesse L. “Saga Form, Oral Prehistory, and the Icelandic Social Context.” New Literary History, vol. 16, no. 1, Johns Hopkins UP, Oct. 1984, pp. 153–73, doi:10.2307/468780.

---. “Governmental Order in Early Medieval Iceland.” Viator, vol. 17, University of California Press Books Division, Jan. 1986.

---. Medieval Iceland: Society, Sagas, and Power. U of California P, 1988.

Byock, Jesse L., et al. “Viking Age Iceland.” European Journal of Archaeology, vol. 6, no. 3, 1 Dec. 2003, pp. 328–29.

---. Viking Language. Jules William Press, 2013.

Callow, Chris. “Reconstructing the Past in Medieval Iceland.” Early Medieval Europe, vol. 14, no. 3, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Aug. 2006, pp. 297–324, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2006.00184.x.

--- and Charles Evans. “The Mystery of Plague in Medieval Iceland.” Journal of Medieval History, vol. 42, no. 2, Routledge, Mar. 2016, pp. 1–31, doi:10.1080/03044181.2016.1149503.

Carroll, Jayne, et al. The Vikings in Britain and Ireland. British Museum, 2014.

Carter, Tara. Iceland’s Networked Society: Revealing How the Global Affairs of the Viking Age Created New Forms of Social Complexity. Brill, 2015.

Cipolla, Craig. “A Viking’s Life.” ROM, vol. 50, no. 2, Royal Ontario Museum, Oct. 2017, pp. 24–2.

Clark, David. Gender, Violence, and the Past in Edda and Saga. 1st ed., Oxford UP, 2012.

Cormack, Margaret. “Possible Christian Place-Names in Medieval Iceland.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, no. 6, Jan. 2010, pp. 31–82, doi:10.1484/j.vms.1.102136.

Dubois, Thomas A. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. UP of Pennsylvania, 1999.

Durrenberger, E. Paul. The Dynamics of Medieval Iceland: Political Economy & Literature. U of Iowa P, 1992.

Elisabeth Astrup, Eva, and Martens, Irmelin. “Studies of Viking Age Swords: Metallography and Archaeology.” Gladius, vol. 31, no. 0, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2011, pp. 203–06, doi:10.3989/gladius.2011.0009.

Eriksen, Marianne Hem. Viking Worlds: Things, Spaces and Movement. Oxbow Books, 2014.

Eriksen, Stefka Georgieva. Body and Soul in Old Norse Culture. 2016.

Evans, Gareth Lloyd. Men and Masculinities in the Sagas of Icelanders. Oxford University Press USA - OSO, 2019, pp. 1–170, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831242.001.0001.

Ewing, Thor. Viking Clothing. Tempus, 2006.

Fedrigo, Anna, et al. “Neutron Imaging Study of ‘pattern-Welded’ Swords from the Viking Age.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, vol. 10, no. 6, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Sept. 2018, pp. 1249–63, doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0454-5.

Fransen, Lilli, et al. Medieval Garments Reconstructed Norse Clothing Patterns. Aarhus UP, 2011.

Faulkes, Anthony. A New Introduction to Old Norse. 3rd ed., Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London, 2005.

Ferguson, Robert. The Hammer and the Cross: A New History of the Vikings. Allen Lane, 2009.

Firth, Hugh. “Coercion, Vengeance, Feud and Accommodation: Homicide in Medieval Iceland.” Early Medieval Europe, vol. 20, no. 2, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, May 2012, pp. 139–75, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2012.00339.x.

Foote, Peter, and Wilson, David M. The Viking Achievement: The Society and Culture of Early Medieval Scandinavia. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1970.

Garipzanov, Ildar H., and Bonté, Rosalind. Conversion and Identity in the Viking Age. Brepols Publishers n.v., 2014.

Glubok, Shirley., and Nook, Gerard. The Art of the Vikings. Macmillan, 1978.

Goeres, Erin Michelle. The Poetics of Commemoration: Skaldic Verse and Social Memory, c. 890-1070. First edition., Oxford UP, 2015.

Graham-Campbell, James. Viking Art. Thames & Hudson, 2013.

Graham-Campbell, et al. Silver, Butter, Cloth: Monetary and Social Economies in the Viking Age. First edition., Oxford UP, 2019.

--- and Williams, Gareth. Silver Economy in the Viking Age. Left Coast Press, 2007.

Griffith, Paddy. The Viking Art of War. Greenhill Books, 1998.

Guðrún Sveinbjarnardóttir. Farm Abandonment in Medieval and Post-Medieval Iceland: an Interdisciplinary Study. Oxbow Books, 1992.

---. “The Use of Geothermal Energy at a Chieftan’s Farm in Medieval Iceland.” Archaeology International, vol. 7, Ubiquity Press, Oct. 2003, pp. 22–26, doi:10.5334/ai.0707.

Hastrup, Kirsten. Culture and History in Medieval Iceland: An Anthropological Analysis of Structure and Change. Oxford UP, 1985.

Hall, Mark. “Viking Age Ironworking: The Evidence from Old Norse Literature.” Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, vol. 79, Jan. 1995, pp. 195–203.

Hall, R. A. (Richard Andrew). The World of the Vikings. Thames & Hudson, 2007.

Harrison, Ramona. “Small holder farming in early medieval Iceland.” Archaeologia Islandica, Jan. 2010.

Hayeur Smith, Michèle. Draupnir’s Sweat and Mardöll’s Tears: An Archaeology of Jewellery, Gender and Identity in Viking Age Iceland. John and Erica Hedges, 2004.

Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte, et al. “A Female Viking Warrior Confirmed by Genomics.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 164, no. 4, 2017, pp. 853–60, doi:10.1002/ajpa.23308.

Helle, Knut. “Viking Culture.” The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, vol. 1, Cambridge UP, 2003, pp. 121–46, doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521472999.008.

Hermann, Pernille, et al. Minni and Muninn: Memory in Medieval Nordic Culture. Brepols, 2014.

Hupfauf, Peter R. Tracing Their Tracks: Identification of Nordic Styles from the Early Middle Ages to the End of the Viking Period. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.

Jensen, Bo. Viking Age Amulets in Scandinavia and Western Europe. Archaeopress, 2010.

Jesch, Judith. Women in the Viking Age. Boydell Press, 1991.

---. Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Boydell Press, 2001.

---. Viking Poetry of Love and War. The British Museum, 2013.

---. The Viking Diaspora. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

Jennbert, Kristina. Animals and Humans: Recurrent Symbiosis in Archaeology and Old Norse Religion. Nordic Academic Press, 2011.

Jochens, Jenny. Old Norse Images of Women. U of Pennsylvania P, 1996.

---. “Old Norse Magic and Gender.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 63, no. 3, U of Illinois P, July 1991, p. 305.

---. Women in Old Norse Society. Cornell UP, 1995.

Johnni Langer. “Viking Age Iceland.” Revista de História, vol. 0, no. 149, Universidade de São Paulo, Dec. 2003, pp. 267–71, doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9141.v0i149p267-271.

Jón Viðar Sigurðsson. Viking Friendship: The Social Bond in Iceland and Norway, c. 900-1300. Cornell UP, 2017.

--- and Thomas Småberg. Friendship and Social Networks in Scandinavia c.1000-1800. Brepols, 2013.

Kári Gíslason. “Within and Without Family in the Icelandic sagas.” Parergon, vol. 26, no. 1, Australian and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 2009, pp. 13–33, doi:10.1353/pgn.0.0145

Kedwards, Dale. “Cartography and Culture in Medieval Iceland.” Imago Mundi, vol. 67, no. 1, Routledge, Jan. 2015, pp. 120–21, doi:10.1080/03085694.2015.974986.

Kendrick, T. D. (Thomas Downing). Late Saxon and Viking Art. Methuen, 1949.

Kerekes, Carrie B. “Discovering Law: Hayekian Competition in Medieval Iceland.” Griffith Law Review, vol. 21, no. 1, 2012, pp. 432–47.

Kershaw, Jane F. “Brooch Use, Culture, and Gender.” Viking Identities, Oxford UP, 2013, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639526.003.0005.

---. “Introduction: Economy, Currency, and Value in the Viking Age.” Silver, Butter, Cloth, Oxford UP, 2018, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0001.

Klæsøe, Iben Skibsted. Viking Trade and Settlement in Continental Western Europe. Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 2010.

Klindt-Jensen, Ole., and Wilson, David M. Viking Art. Allen & Unwin, 1966.

Koszowski, Maciej. “Medieval Iceland: The Influence of Culture and Tradition on Law.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 86, no. 3, U of Illinois P, Dec. 2014, pp. 333–51, doi:10.5406/scanstud.86.3.0333.

Larrington, Carolyne. “Old Norse Women’s Poetry: The Voices of Female Skalds.” Medium Aevum, vol. 80, no. 2, Society for the Study of Mediaeval Languages and Literature, 1 July 2011, pp. 363–64.

Lawing, Sean. “The Place of the Evil: Infant Abandonment in Old Norse Society.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 85, no. 2, U of Illinois P, July 2013, pp. 133–50, doi:10.5406/scanstud.85.2.0133.

Leonard, S. P. (Stephen Pax). Language, Society and Identity in Early Iceland. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

Lewis-Simpson, Shannon. Youth and Age in the Medieval North. Brill, 2008.

Lilja Árnadóttir., and Kiran, Ketil. Church and Art: the Medieval Church in Norway and Iceland. Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research, 1997.

Maher, Ruth Ann. Landscapes of Gender, Age and Cosmology: Burial Perceptions in Viking Age Iceland. Archaeopress, 2013.

Maravall Buckwalter, Laura, and Baten, Joerg. “Valkyries: Was Gender Equality High in the Scandinavian Periphery Since Viking Times? Evidence from Enamel Hypoplasia and Height Ratios.” Economics and Human Biology, Elsevier B.V., 2019, doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2019.05.007.

McTurk, Rory. A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. Blackwell Pub., 2005.

---. “Archaeology of Economy and Society.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 7–26, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch2.

---. “Geography and Travel.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 119–35, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch8.

---. “Historical Background: Iceland 870–1400.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 136–54, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch9.

---. “Historiography and Pseudo‐History.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 155–72, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch10.

---. “Language.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 173–89, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch11.

---. “Laws.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 223–44, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch14.

---. “Manuscripts and Palaeography.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 245–64, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch15.

---. “Orality and Literacy in the Sagas of Icelanders.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 285–301, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch17.

---. “Pagan Myth and Religion.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 302–19, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch18.

---. “Prose of Christian Instruction.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 338–53, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch20.

---. “Rhetoric and Style.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 354–71, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch21.

---. “Runes.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 403–26, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch24.

---. “Short Prose Narrative ( Þáttr ).” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 462–78, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch27.

---. “Skaldic Poetry.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 479–502, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch28.

---. “Social Institutions.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 503–17, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch29.

---. “Women in Old Norse Poetry and Sagas.” A Companion to Old Norse‐Icelandic Literature and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008, pp. 518–35, doi:10.1002/9780470996867.ch30.

Mehler, Natascha, et al. “The Sound of Silence—a Ceramic Horn and Its Role in Monasticism in Late Medieval Iceland.” Early Music, vol. 46, no. 4, Oxford UP, Dec. 2018, pp. 551–60, doi:10.1093/em/cay053.

Meijer, Jan. “Corrections in Viking Age Rune-Stone Inscriptions.” Arkiv För Nordisk Filologi, vol. 110, C. W. K. Gleerup, etc., Jan. 1995.

Meylan, Nicolas. Magic and Kingship in Medieval Iceland: The Construction of a Discourse of Political Resistance. Brepols, 2014.

Milek, Karen. “The Role of Pit Houses and Gendered Spaces on Viking-Age Farmsteads in Iceland.” Medieval Archaeology, vol. 56, Jan. 2012, pp. 85–130.

Milek, Karen B., and Roberts, Howell M. “Integrated Geoarchaeological Methods for the Determination of Site Activity Areas: A Study of a Viking Age House in Reykjavik, Iceland. (Report).” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 40, no. 4, Elsevier B.V., Apr. 2013.

Moran, Elizabeth. “‘Devils Liquore’ and ‘Virgins Milke’: Fashion, Fetishism and Jonson’s Line.” Parergon, vol. 26, no. 1, Australian and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 2009, pp. 141–73, doi:10.1353/pgn.0.0141.

Morris, Katherine. Sorceress or Witch?: the Image of Gender in Medieval Iceland and Northern Europe. UP of America, 1991.

Mountfort, Paul Rhys. Nordic Runes: Understanding, Casting, and Interpreting the Ancient Viking Oracle. Destiny Books, 2003.

Mundal, Else. The Double Impact of Christianization for Women in Old Norse Culture. Carocci, 2001.

Mundal, Else, and Doležalová, L. “Memory Of The Past And Old Norse Identity.” The Making of Memory in the Middle Ages, vol. 4, 2010, pp. 463–72, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004179257.i-500.86.

Nordal, Guðrún. Skaldic Versifying and Social Discrimination in Medieval Iceland. Viking Society for Northern Research, 2003.

---. Tools of Literacy the Role of Skaldic Verse in Icelandic Textual Culture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. U of Toronto P, 2001.

Norrman, Lena Elisabeth. Viking Women: The Narrative Voice in Woven Tapestries. Cambria Press, 2008.

Orkisz, Jan H. “Pole-Weapons in the Sagas of Icelanders: a Comparison of Literary and Archaeological Sources.” Acta Periodica Duellatorum, vol. 4, no. 1, Sciendo, Apr. 2016, pp. 177–212, doi:10.1515/apd-2016-0006.

Orning, Hans Jacob. “The Magical Reality of the Late Middle Ages: Exploring the World of the Fornaldarsögur.” Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 35, no. 1, Taylor & Francis, Feb. 2010, pp. 3–20, doi:10.1080/03468750903381639.

Orri Vesteinsson. The Christianization of Iceland: Priests, Power, and Social Change 1000-1300. Oxford UP, 2000.

O’Sullivan, Joanne. “Strung Along: Re-Evaluating Gendered Views of Viking-Age Beads.” Medieval Archaeology, vol. 59, no. 1, Routledge, Jan. 2015, pp. 73–86, doi:10.1080/00766097.2015.1119384.

Overing, Gillian. “A Body in Question: Aging, Community, and Gender in Medieval Iceland.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, vol. 29, no. 2, Duke UP, NC & IL, Apr. 1999, pp. 211–25.

Page, Raymond Ian, and David Parsons. Runes and Runic Inscriptions Collected Essays on Anglo-Saxon and Viking Runes. Boydell Press, 1998.

Patel, Samir. “Viking Finery.” Archaeology, vol. 67, no. 2, Archaeological Institute of America, Mar. 2014, pp. 12–12.

Pedersen, Anne. Dead Warriors in Living Memory: A Study of Weapon and Equestrian Burials in Viking-Age Denmark, AD 800-1000. National Museum, 2014.

Peirce, Ian G. Swords of the Viking Age. Boydell Press, 2002.

Per Bruun. “The Viking Ship.” Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 13, no. 4, 1997, pp. 1282–1289.

Peterson, Paul R. “Old Norse Nicknames: Origins and Terminology.” Names, Routledge, Apr. 2018, pp. 1–10, doi:10.1080/00277738.2018.1452886.

Poulsen, Bjørn., and Sindbæk, Søren M. Settlement and Lordship in Viking and Early Medieval Scandinavia. Brepols, 2011.

Price, Neil, et al. “Viking Warrior Women? Reassessing Birka Chamber Grave Bj.581.” Antiquity, vol. 93, no. 367, Cambridge UP, Feb. 2019, pp. 181–98, doi:10.15184/aqy.2018.258.

Raffield, Ben. “The Slave Markets of the Viking World: Comparative Perspectives on an ‘Invisible Archaeology.’” Slavery & Abolition, Routledge, Mar. 2019, pp. 1–24, doi:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1592976.

Raffield, Ben, et al. “Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 13, Jan. 2017, pp. 165–209, doi:10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355.

---. “Ingroup Identification, Identity Fusion and the Formation of Viking War Bands.” World Archaeology, vol. 48, no. 1, Routledge, Jan. 2016, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1080/00438243.2015.1100548.

Ragnhild Bjerre Finnestad. “The Study of the Christianization of the Nordic Countries: Some Reflections.” Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, vol. 13, The Donner Institute, Jan. 1990, pp. 256–72,

Ranković, Slavica, et al. Along the Oral-Written Continuum: Types of Texts, Relations, and Their Implications. Brepols, 2010.

Richardson, Hazel. Life of the Ancient Vikings. Crabtree Pub., 2005.

Ricketts, Philadelphia. High-Ranking Widows in Medieval Iceland and Yorkshire: Property, Power, Marriage and Identity in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Brill, 2010.

Riddell, Scott, et al. “Cereal Cultivation as a Correlate of High Social Status in Medieval Iceland.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, vol. 27, no. 5, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Sept. 2018, pp. 679–96, doi:10.1007/s00334-017-0665-4.

Ross, Margaret Clunies. A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics. D.S. Brewer, 2005.

---. Old Icelandic Literature and Society. Cambridge UP, 2000.

Sawyer, Birgit. The Viking-Age Rune-Stones Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia. Oxford UP, 2000.

Sayers, William. “Gender Ambiguity in Medieval Iceland: Legal Framework and Saga Dynamics.” Scandinavian - Canadian Studies, vol. 14, Assn for the Advancement of Scandinavian Studies in Canada, Jan. 2002, pp. 1–27.

Schnurbein, Stefanie, and Currid, Brian. “Shamanism in the Old Norse Tradition: A Theory Between Ideological Camps.” History of Religions, vol. 43, no. 2, Nov. 2003, pp. 116–38, doi:10.1086/423007.

Schorn, Brittany. Speaker and Authority in Old Norse Wisdom Poetry. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2017.

Self, Kathleen M. “Remembering Our Violent Conversion: Conflict in the Icelandic Conversion Narrative.” Religion, vol. 40, no. 3, Taylor & Francis Group, July 2010, pp. 182–92, doi:10.1016/j.religion.2009.10.011.

Short, William R. Viking Weapons and Combat Techniques. Westholme, 2009.

---. Icelanders in the Viking Age: The People of the Sagas. McFarland & Co., 2010.

Siddorn, J. Kim. Viking Weapons & Warfare. New ed., Tempus, 2005.

Sif Ríkharðsdóttir. Emotion in Old Norse Literature: Translations, Voices, Contexts. D. S. Brewer, 2017.

Sjøvold, Thorleif. The Oseberg Find and the Other Viking Ship Finds. Universitetets oldsaksamling, 1976.

Skoglund, G., et al. “Viking and Early Middle Ages Northern Scandinavian Textiles Proven to Be Made with Hemp.” Scientific Reports, vol. 3, no. 1, Oct. 2013, p. 2686, doi:10.1038/srep02686.

Smith, Michèle Hayeur. “Vaðmál and Cloth Currency in Viking and Medieval Iceland.” Silver, Butter, Cloth, Oxford UP, 2018, doi:10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0014.

Stahl, Pierre-Brice. “Nicolas Meylan, Magic and Kingship in Medieval Iceland. The Construction of a Discourse of Political Resistance.” Revue de l’histoire des religions, no. 3, Sept. 2017, pp. 546–49.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

Stefoff, Rebecca. The Viking Explorers. Chelsea House, 1993.

Steinsland, Gro. Ideology and Power in the Viking and Middle Ages Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney, and the Faeroes. Brill, 2011.

Steinunn Kristjánsdóttir and Cecilia Collins. “Cases of Hydatid Disease in Medieval Iceland.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, vol. 21, no. 4, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., July 2011, pp. 479–86, doi:10.1002/oa.1155.

Stephenson, I. P. (Ian P.). Viking Warfare. Amberley Pub., 2012.

Stigsørensen, Marie Louise. “Gender, Matrial Culture, and Identity in the Viking Diaspora.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, no. 5, Jan. 2009, pp. 253–69, doi:10.1484/j.vms.1.100680.

Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif. Old Norse Women’s Poetry: The Voices of Female Skalds. D. S. Brewer, 2011.

Sverrir Jakobsson. “From Reciprocity to Manorialism: On the Peasant Mode of Production in Medieval Iceland.” Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 38, no. 3, Routledge, July 2013, pp. 273–95, doi:10.1080/03468755.2013.803498.

Swenson, Karen. Performing Definitions: Two Genres of Insult in Old Norse Literature. 1st ed., Camden House, 1991.

Turco, Jeffrey. New Norse Studies: Essays on the Literature and Culture of Medieval Scandinavia. Cornell UP, 2015.

Van Deusen, Natalie M. “‘Inn besti hlutr’?; Martha of Bethany and Women’s Roles in Medieval Iceland.” Arkiv För Nordisk Filologi, no. 126, 2011, pp. 73–91.

Vilhjalmur Arnason. “Morality and Social Structure in the Icelandic Sagas.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 90, no. 2, U of Illinois P, Apr. 1991, pp. 157–74.

Wamhoff, Laura Sonja. Isländische Erinnerungskultur 1100-1300: altnordische Historiographie und kulturelles Gedächtnis [Icelandic Culture of Remembrance 1100-1300: Old Norse Historiography and Cultural Memory]. Narr Francke Attempto, 2016.

Wärmländer, Sebastian K.T.S., et al. “Metallurgical Findings from a Viking Age Chieftain’s Farm in Iceland.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 37, no. 9, Elsevier Ltd, 2010, pp. 2284–90, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.04.001.

Wax, Rosalie, and Wax, Murray. “The Vikings and the Rise of Capitalism.” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 61, no. 1, U of Chicago P, July 1955, pp. 1–10, doi:10.1086/221656.

Wester, K. “Where are all the Viking helmets?” Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, vol. 121, no. 17, June 2001, pp. 2023–27.

Wicker, Nancy L. “Christianization, Female Infanticide, and the Abundance of Female Burials at Viking Age Birka in Sweden.” Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 21, no. 2, May 2012, pp. 245–62.

Williams, Gareth. The Viking Ship. The British Museum Press, 2014.

Williams, Mary Wilhelmine. Social Scandinavia in the Viking Age. The Macmillan company, 1920.

Wolf, Kirsten. Viking Age: Everyday Life During the Extraordinary Era of the Norsemen. Sterling, 2013.

--- and Mueller-Vollmer, Tristan. The Vikings: Facts and Fictions. ABC-CLIO, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2018.

Zoëga, Guđný. “A Family Revisited: The Medieval Household Cemetery of Keldudalur, North Iceland.” Norwegian Archaeological Review, vol. 48, no. 2, Routledge, July 2015, pp. 105–28, doi:10.1080/00293652.2015.1104382.

Zori, Davide, and Byock, Jesse L. Viking Archaeology in Iceland: Mosfell Archaeological Project. Brepols, 2014.

3. Scholarship on Old Norse Mythology and Icelandic Folklore

Acker, Paul., and Larrington, Carolyne, editors. The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology. Routledge, 2002.

---. Revisiting the Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Heroic Legend. Taylor and Francis, 2013.

Åke V. Ström. “Formes de Mystique Dans Le Nord Préchrétien [Forms of Mystique in the Pre-Christian North].” Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, vol. 5, The Donner Institute, Feb. 1970, pp. 220–48.

Alda Sigmundsdóttir. The Little Book of the Hidden People. Enska textasmiðjan, 2015.

Alda Snæbjörnsdóttir. Tröllaspor: íslenskar tröllasögur [Troll Trail: Icelandic Troll Stories]. Skrudda, 2011.

Anna Kristín Ásbjörnsdóttir, et al. Tales of Trolls: Icelandic Folk Tales Collected by Jón Árnason. Nýhöfn, 2015.

Anderson, Philip N. “Form and Content in Lokasenna: A Re-evaluation.” The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology, edited by Carolyne Larrington and Paul Acker, Routledge, 2015, pp. 139-157.

Ármann Jakobsson. “The Extreme Emotional Life of Volundr the elf. (Volundarkvida poem) (Critical Essay).” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 78, no. 3, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Sept. 2006, pp. 227–54.

---. “A contest of cosmic fathers: God and giant in Vafþrúðnismál,” Neophilologus 92, 2008, pp. 263–77.

---. “Beware of the Elf! A Note on the Evolving Meaning of Álfar.” Folklore, vol. 126, no. 2, Routledge, May 2015, pp. 215–23, doi:10.1080/0015587X.2015.1023511.

---. The Troll Inside You: Paranormal Activity in the Medieval North. Punctum Books, 2017.

---. “Loki’s Flexible Masculinity: Old Norse myths and medieval notions of gender.” Workshop on Nordic Men’s Media in Gothenburg, 16-18 Oct. 2008. 2019.

Arngrímur Jón Sigurðsson, and Ölvir Gíslason. Museum of Hidden Beings: Mythological Beings of Icelandic Folk Tales. Salka, 2016.

Arnold, Martin. Thor: Myth to Marvel. Continuum, 2011.

Bassil-Morozow, Helena. “Loki Then and Now: The Trickster Against Civilization.” International Journal of Jungian Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, 2017, pp. 84-96.

Bedell, J. M. (Jane M.), and Gunnell, Terry. Hildur, Queen of the Elves: and Other Icelandic Legends. Interlink Books, 2007.

Bek-Pedersen, Karen. The Norns in Old Norse Mythology. Dunedin Academic Press, 2011.

Benedikz, B. S. “Basic Themes in Icelandic Folklore.” Folklore, vol. 84, 1973, pp. 1-26.

Birna Bjarnadóttir. “What the Bear Said: Skald Tales From New Iceland.” Canadian Ethnic Studies, vol. 45, no. 1/2, Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal, Jan. 2013, pp. 267–68, doi:10.1353/ces.2013.0015.

Björn R. Stefánsson. Sex þjóðsögur [Six Folktales]. Bókaverzlun Ársæls Árnasonar, 1926.

Blain, Jenny, et al. “Heathenry.” Handbook of Contemporary Paganism, vol. 2, 2009, pp. 413–32, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004163737.i-650.114.

Boucher, Alan. Elves, Trolls and Elemental Beings: Icelandic Folktales II. Iceland Review, 1977.

---. Ghosts, Witchcraft and the Other World: Icelandic Folktales I. Iceland Review, 1977.

Boyer, Régis. “On the Composition of Völuspá.” Edda: A Collection of Essays, edited by Haraldur Bessason and Robert J. Glenndinning, U of Manitoba P, 1983, pp. 117-133.

Boynton, Holmes. Icelandic Folk Tales and Fairy Stories. B.S.G. Boynton, 1976.

Branston, Brian, et al. Goð og garpar: úr norrænum sögnum [Gods and Heroes: From the Norse Sagas]. Saga, 1980.

Brink, Stefan and Lisa Collinson, editors. Theorizing Old Norse Myth. Acta Scandinavica Book 7. Brepols, 2018.

Britt-Mari Näsström. “Fragments of the Past: How to Study Old Norse Religion.” Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, vol. 17, no. 2, The Donner Institute, Jan. 1999, pp. 177–85, doi:10.30674/scripta.67271.

Canevaro, Lilah Grace. “Hesiod and Hávamál: Transitions and the Transmission of Wisdom.” Oral Tradition, vol. 29, no. 1, Center for Studies in Oral Tradition, 2014, pp. 99–126, doi:10.1353/ort.2014.0003.

Carey, John. “Irish Parallels to the Myth of Odin’s Eye.” Folklore, vol. 94, no. 2, Taylor & Francis Group, Jan. 1983, pp. 214–18, doi:10.1080/0015587X.1983.9716279.

Chadwick, N. K. “Norse Ghosts (A Study in the Draugr and the Haugbúi).” Folklore, vol. 57, no. 2, Taylor & Francis Group, June 1946, pp. 50–65, doi:10.1080/0015587X.1946.9717812.

Ciklamini, Marlene. “Folklore and Hagiography in Arngrimr’s Gudmundar Saga Arasonar.” Fabula, vol. 49, no. 1-2, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Jan. 2008, pp. 1–18, doi:10.1515/FABL.2008.002.

Cipolla, Adele and Quinn, Judy, editors. Studies in the Transmission and Reception of Old Norse Literature: The Hyperborean Muse in European Culture. Brepols, 2016.

Clark, David and Phelpstead, Carl, editors. Old Norse Made New: Essays on the Post-Medieval Reception of Old Norse Literature and Culture. Viking Society, 2007.

Clover, Carol J. “Hárbarðsljóð as Generic Farce.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 51, no. 2, 1979, pp. 124–145.

Cole, Richard. “Towards a Typology of Absence in Old Norse Literature.” Exemplaria, vol. 28, no. 2, Routledge, Apr. 2016, pp. 137–60, doi:10.1080/10412573.2016.1151201.

Davidson, Hilda R. Ellis. The Road to Hel: A Study of the Conception of the Dead in Old Norse Literature. Michigan UP, 1943.

---. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. Penguin, 1964.

---. “Loki and Saxo’s Hamlet.” The Fool and the Trickster: Studies in Honour of Enid Welsford, edited by Paul V. A. Williams. Rowman & Littlefield (D. S. Brewer), 1979, pp. 3-17.

---. “Insults and Riddles in the Edda Poems.” Edda: A Collection of Essays, edited by Haraldur Bessason and Robert J. Glenndinning. U of Manitoba P, 1983, pp. 25-46.

de Vries, Jan. The Problem of Loki. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1933.

Doutreleau, Vanessa. “Elves And Relationships with Nature in Iceland.” Ethnologie Française, vol. 33, no. 4, Presses Universitaires de France, Dec. 2003, pp. 655–63, doi:10.3917/ethn.034.0655.

Dubois, Thoma A. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. UP of Pennsylvania, 1999.

Dumézil, Georges. Loki. G.P. Maisonneuve, 1948.

---. From Myth to Fiction: The Saga of Hadingus. Translated by Derek Coltman, U of Chicago P, 1973.

Dronke, Ursula. Myth and Fiction in Early Norse Lands. Variorum, 1996.

Einar Ól. Sveinsson. Íslenzkar þjóðsögur og ævintýri: með myndum eftir íslenzka listamenn [Icelandic Folktales and Fairy Tales: With Pictures by Icelandic Artists]. Leiftur, 1944.

---. Íslenzkar þjóðsögur og ævintýri [Icelandic Folktales and Fairy Tales]. 2. útg., Leiftur, 1951.

Eson, Lawrence. “Odin and Merlin: Threefold Death and the World Tree.” Western Folklore, vol. 69, no. 1, Western States Folklore Society, Jan. 2010, pp. 85–107.

Faulkes, Anthony. “Pagan Sympathy: Attitudes to Heathendom in the Prologue to Snorra Edda.” Edda: A Collection of Essays, edited by Haraldur Bessason and Robert J. Glenndinning, U of Manitoba P, 1983, pp. 283-314.

Ferioli, Diego. “On the Oral-Formulaic Theory and Its Application in the Poetic Edda: The Cases of Alvíssmál and Hávamál.” Nordicum-Mediterraneum, vol. 5, no. 1, University of Akureyri, Mar. 2010, https://doaj.org/article/4769e997437747b5870a6b4b58bd76a8.

Fimi, Dimitra. “Icelandic Folktales and Legends.” Folklore, vol. 118, no. 3, Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1 Dec. 2007, pp. 366–67.

Finnur Jónsson. “Álfatrúin á Íslandi [The Elf Belief in Iceland].” Eimreiðin, July 1895.

Flowers, Stephen E. The Galdrabók: an Icelandic Grimoire. S. Weiser, 1989.

---. Icelandic Magic: Practical Secrets of the Northern Grimoires. First U.S. edition, Inner Traditions, 2016.

Frakes, Jerold. “Loki’s Mythological Function in the Tripartite System.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 86, no. 4, 1987, pp. 473-486.

Frankki, James. “Cross-Dressing in the Poetic Edda: Mic Muno Æsir Argan Kalla.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 84, no. 4, U of Illinois P, Dec. 2012, pp. 425–37, doi:10.1353/scd.2012.0063.

Gibson, Marion. Imagining the Pagan Past: Gods and Goddesses in Literature and History since the Dark Ages. Routledge, 2013.

Gouchet, Olivier. “Siguror and the Women.” ReVision, vol. 21, no. 3, ReVision Publications, Jan. 1999, pp. 48–55.

Guðrún Tryggvadóttir, et al. Myths & Monsters in Icelandic Folk Tales. Salka, 2002.

Gunnar Helgason, and Blöndal, Þórarinn Gunnarsson. Grýla. Hólar, 1997.

Gunnell, Terry and Lassen, Annette, editors. The Nordic Apocalypse: Approaches to Vǫluspá and Nordic Days of Judgement. Acta Scandinavica: Aberdeen Studies in the Scandinavian World, Brepols, 2013.

Grímur Thomsen. On the Character of the Old Northern Poetry. Icelandic Cultural Fund, 1972.

Hallberg Hallmundsson, et al. Icelandic Folk and Fairy Tales. Iceland Review, 1987.

Hallberg, Peter. “Elements of Imagery in the Poetic Edda.” Edda: A Collection of Essays, edited by Haraldur Bessason and Robert J. Glenndinning, U of Manitoba P, 1983, pp. 47-85.

Hallfridur J. Ragnheidardottir. Quest for the Mead of Poetry: Menstrual Symbolism in Icelandic Folk and Fairy Tales. Chiron Publications, 2016.

Hatto, A. T. “The Name of God in Gothic.” The Modern Language Review, vol. 39, no. 3, 1944, pp. 247–251.

Haugen, Einar. “The Edda as Ritual: Odin and His Masks.” Edda: A Collection of Essays, edited by Haraldur Bessason and Robert J. Glenndinning, U of Manitoba P, 1983, pp. 3-24.

Haukur Halldórsson. Trolls in Icelandic Folklore: Stories and Drawings. Örn og Örlygur, 1982.

---. Tröll: sögur og teikningar úr íslenskri þjóðsagnaveröld [Troll: Sagas and Drawings from Icelandic World Folktales]. Örn og Örlygur, 1982.

Haukur Þorgeirsson. “Álfar í gömlum kveðskap [Elves in Old Poetry].” Són, Jan. 2011.

Hermann Pálsson. Hávamál í ljósi íslenskrar menningar [Havamal from the View of Icelandic Culture]. Háskólaútgáfan, 1999.

---. Heimur Hávamála [Havamal’s World]. Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjóðs, 1990.

Hind, Charles. “Scandinavian Folk-Lore: Illustrations of the Traditional Beliefs of the Northern Peoples.” The Academy, 1869-1902, 0269-333X, vol. 51, no. 1287, Academy Publishing Co., etc., 2 Jan. 1897, pp. 16–17.

Hobson, Jacob. “Euhemerism and the Veiling of History in Early Scandinavian literature. (Critical Essay).” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 116, no. 1, U of Illinois P, Jan. 2017, pp. 24–44, doi:10.5406/jenglgermphil.116.1.0024.

Hoffman, Sarah. “The Ghosts of Christmas Past: Folklore, Archaeology, and Place Abandonment at Haffjarðarey, Western Iceland.” Chronika, vol. 8, State University of New York at Buffalo, Jan. 2018.

Jens Schjødt. “The Relation Between the Two Phenomenological Categories Initiation and Sacrifice as Exemplified by the Norse Myth of Óðinn on the Tree.” Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, vol. 15, Donner Institute, Jan. 1993, pp. 261–74, doi:10.30674/scripta.67215.

Jesch, Judith. “The Norse gods in England and the Isle of Man.” Myths, Legends, and Heroes: Essays on Old Norse and Old English Literature in Honour of John McKinnell, edited by Daniel Anlezark, U of Toronto P, 2011.

Jón Aðalsteinsson. “Gods and Giants in Old Norse Mythology.” Temenos, vol. 26, Suomen Uskontotieteellinen Seura., Jan. 1990.

Jón Karl Helgason. Echoes of Valhalla: The Afterlife of Eddas and Sagas. Reaktion, 2017.

---. “‘Þegi Þú, Þórr!’: Gender, Class, and Discourse in Þrymskviða.” Cold Counsel: Women in Old Norse Literature and Mythology, edited by Sarah M. Anderson with Karen Swenson. Routledge, 2002, pp. 159-66.

Jón Baldur Hlíðberg, et al. Meeting with Monsters: An Illustrated Guide to the Beasts of Iceland. JPV, 2008.

Jónas Þór. The Christmas Trolls. 1st ed., Jónas Þór, 1990.

Kaplan, Merill and Tangherlini, Timothy R., editors. News from Other Worlds: Studies in Nordic Folklore, Mythology and Culture in Honor of John F. Lindow. North Pinhurst Press, 2012, pp. 134-153.

Karl Jóhann Jónsson. Jólasveinarnir þá og nú [The Yule Lads Then and Now]. 1. útgáfa, NB forlag, 2016.

Kelchner, Georgia Dunham. Dreams in Old Norse Literature and Their Affinities in Folklore: with an Appendix Containing the Icelandic Texts and Translations. The University Press, 1935.

Klingenberg, Heinz. “Types of Eddic Mythological Poetry.” Edda: A Collection of Essays, edited by Haraldur Bessason and Robert J. Glenndinning. U of Manitoba P, 1983, pp. 134-164.

Korstanje, Maximiliano. “Examining the Norse Mythology and the Archetype of Odin: The Inception of Grand Tour.” Tourism, vol. 60, no. 4, 2012, pp. 369–84.

Kousoulis, Antonis A., et al. “Violent Death and Trauma in Norse Mythology: a Systematic Reading of the Prose Edda.” European Surgery, vol. 48, no. 5, Springer, Oct. 2016, pp. 304–10, doi:10.1007/s10353-016-0438-9.

Krause-Loner, Shawn. “Scar-lip, Sky-walker and Mischief-monger: the Norse god Loki as Trickster.” Unpublished Dissertation (Scholarly access), 2003.

Lafayllve, Patricia M. Freyja, Lady, Vanadis: An Introduction to the Goddess. Outskirts Press, 2006.

Langer, Johnni. “A morte de Odin? As representações do Ragnarök na arte das Ilhas Britânicas [The Death of Odin? The Representations of Ragnarok in the Art of the British Isles.” Medievalista, no. 11, Instituto de Estudos Medievais. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2012.

--- and Neiva, Weber. “Valquírias versus gigantas: modelos marciais femininos na mitologia Escandinava [Valkyries versus Giantesses: Female Martial Models in Scandinavian Mythology].” Revista Brasileira de História Das Religiões, vol. V, no. 13, Associação Nacional de História - ANPUH, May 2012, pp. 03–29.

Lannom, Gloria. “Identify the Norse Gods.” Calliope, vol. 13, no. 5, Carus Publishing Company, d/b/a ePals Media, Jan. 2003, p. 42.

Larrington, Carolynne. The Norse Myths: A Guide to the Gods and Heroes. Thames & Hudson, 2017.

Larson, L. “Icelandic Folktales & Legends.” Choice, vol. 42, no. 11/12, American Library Association dba CHOICE, July 2005, 1984, doi:10.5860/CHOICE.42-6324.

Lindow, John. Scandinavian Mythology: An Annotated Bibliography. Garland Pub., 1988.

---. Murder and Vengeance Among the Gods: Baldr in Scandinavian Mythology. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia/Academia Scientiaram Fennica, 1997.

---. “Norse Mythology and the Lives of the Saints.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 73, no. 3, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Sept. 2001, pp. 437–56.

---. Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford UP, 2002.

---. “Mythology and Mythography.” Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Critical Guide, edited by Carol J. Clover and John Lindow. University of Toronto Press (Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching 42), 2005, pp. 21-67.

---. Trolls: an Unnatural History. Reaktion Books, 2014.

Mala, Elisa. “Magic Kingdom: In a Land of Elves, You’re Never alone. (GLOBAL PSYCHE: ICELAND).” Psychology Today, vol. 41, no. 3, Sussex Publishers, Inc., May 2008.

Malm, Mats. “Baldrs Draumar and the Generic Turn.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 76, no. 1, 2004, pp. 1-20.

Mandt, Gro. “Fragments of Ancient Beliefs: The Snake as a Multivocal Symbol in Nordic Mythology.” ReVision, vol. 23, no. 1, ReVision Publications, July 2000, pp. 17–22.

Marianne Görman. “The Necklace as a Divine Symbol and as a Sign of Dignity in the Old Norse Conception.” Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, vol. 16, The Donner Institute, Jan. 1996, pp. 111–50.

Markelova Olga. “The perception of Old Norse literature in modern Icelandic children’s literature.” Vestnik Pravoslavnogo Svâto-Tihonovskogo Gumanitarnogo Universiteta: Seriâ III. Filologiâ, vol. 55, St. Tikhon’s University, July 2018, pp. 52–74.

Martin, John Stanley. Ragnarok. An Investigation into Old Norse Concepts of the Fate of the Gods. Van Gorcum, 1972.

McGillivray, Andrew. Influences of Pre-Christian Mythology and Christianity on Old Norse Poetry: A Narrative Study of Vafþrúðnismál. The Northern Medieval World: On the Margins of Europe Series. Medieval Institute Press, 2018.

McGovern, Ann., and Malone, Nola Langner. Half a Kingdom: an Icelandic Folktale. F. Warne, 1977.

Mckinnell, John. “Wisdom from the dead: the Ljóðatal section of Hávamál.” Medium Aevum, vol. 76, no. 1, Society for the Study of Mediaeval Languages and Literature, Jan. 2007, pp. 85–115, doi:10.2307/43632298.

---. Essays on Eddic Poetry. Edited by Donata Kick and John D. Shafer, U of Toronto P, 2014.

---. “Motivation and Meaning in Lokasenna.” Essays on Eddic Poetry, University of Toronto Press, 2014.

Miller, Helga., et al. Redhead the Whale and Other Icelandic Folk Tales. Queenston House, 1985.

Mogenson, Greg. Northern Gnosis: Thor, Baldr, and the Volsungs in the Thought of Freud and Jung. Spring Journal Books, 2005.

Moosbrugger, Mathias. “Recovering the Snorra Edda: On Playing Gods, Loki, and the Importance of History.” Contagion: Journal of Violence, Mimesis, and Culture, vol. 17, 2010, pp. 105–20.

Motz, Lotte. “Gods and Demons of the Wilderness. A Study in Norse Tradition.” Arkiv För Nordisk Filologi, vol. 99, C. W. K. Gleerup, etc., Jan. 1984.

---. “Trolls and Aesir: Lexical Evidence Concerning North-Germanic Faith.” Indogermanische Forschungen, vol. 89, K. J. Trübner, Jan. 1984.

---. “The Power of Speech: Eddic Poems and Their Frames.” Amsterdamer Beitrage Zur Alteren Germanistik, vol. 46, Jan. 1996, pp. 105–17.

Mundal, Else. “The Position of the Individual Gods and Goddesses in Various Types of Sources - with Special Reference to the Female Divinities.” Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, vol. 13, The Donner Institute, Jan. 1990, pp. 294–315.

North, Richard. “Goð geyja: The Limits of Humour in Old Norse-Icelandic Paganism.” Quaestio Insularis: Selected Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic 1, 2000, pp. 1-22.

---. “Loki’s Gender, or Why Skaði Laughed.” Monsters and the Monstrous in Medieval Northwest Europe, edited by K. E. Olsen and L. A. J. R. Houwen (Mediaevalia Groningana New Series, 3), Louvain, 2001, 141-51.

---. “End Time and the date of Vǫluspá: Two Models of Conversion.” Conversion and Colonization in Anglo-Saxon England, edited by Catherine E. Karkov and Nicholas Howe (Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies Series, 318), U of Arizona P, 2006, pp. 213-236.

---. “OE wopes hring and the Old Norse Myth of Baldr.” Early Archaeology and Art in the British Isles: Studies in Honour of James Graham-Campbell, edited by Andrew Reynolds and Leslie Webster, Brill, 2012, pp. 893-910.

O’Donoghue, Heather. Old Norse-Icelandic Literature. Blackwell, 2004.

---. From Asgard to Valhalla: The Remarkable History of the Norse Myths. I. B. Tauris, 2007.

---. 2014. English Poetry and Old Norse Myth. Oxford UP, 2004.

Odd Nordland. “Valhall and Helgafell: Syncretistic Traits of the Old Norse Religion.” Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, vol. 3, The Donner Institute, Jan. 1969, pp. 66–99.

Olina Thorvardardottir. “Spirits of the Land: A Tool for Social Education.” Bookbird, vol. 37, no. 4, Bookbird, Inc., Jan. 1999, pp. 33–34.

Orton, Peter. “Pagan Myth and Religion.” A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture, edited by Rory McTurk. Wiley-Blackwell, 2005, pp. 302-19.

Pilkington, Brian. Stumble: an Icelandic Troll Story. Mál og menning, 2000.

---. The Yule Lads. Mál og menning, 2001.

---. Trolls: Philosophy and Wisdom. Mál og menning, 2011.

---. The Yule Cat: A Seasonal Makeover. Mál og menning, 2017.

Pilkington, Brian, and Gunnell, Terry. Icelandic Trolls. Mál og menning, 2003.

---. The Hidden People of Iceland. Mál og menning, 2012.

Pridmore, Saxby, et al. “Suicide in Old Norse and Finnish Folk Stories.” Australasian Psychiatry, vol. 19, no. 4, SAGE Publications, Aug. 2011, pp. 321–24, doi:10.3109/10398562.2011.603331.

Quinn, Judy. “What Frigg knew: the goddess as prophetess in Old Norse mythology.” Dee, profetesse, regine e altre figure femminili nel Medioevo germanico, edited by Maria Ruggerini and Veronika Szöke, CUEC, 2015, pp. 67-88.

---. “The Principles of Textual Criticism and the Interpretation of Old Norse Texts Derived from Oral Tradition.” Studies in the Transmission and Reception of Old Norse Literature: The Hyperborean Muse in European Culture, edited by Judy Quinn and Adele Cipolla (Acta Scandinavica: Aberdeen Studies in the Scandinavian World), Brepols, 2016, pp. 47-78.

Raffield, Ben, et al. “Religious Belief and Cooperation: a View from Viking-Age Scandinavia.” Religion, Brain & Behavior, vol. 9, no. 1, Routledge, Jan. 2019, pp. 2–22, doi:10.1080/2153599X.2017.1395764.

“Ragnarok in North America.” Fenris Wolf 4, 1998.

Rooth, Anna Birgitta. Loki in Scandinavian Mythology. C W K Gleerup, 1961.

Ross, Margaret Clunies. Prolonged Echoes: Old Norse Myths in Medieval Northern Society. U of Southern Denmark P, 1994.

---, editor. Old Icelandic Literature and Society. Cambridge UP, 2000.

---. “Images of Norse Cosmology.” Myths, Legends, and Heroes: Essays on Old Norse and Old English Literature in Honour of John McKinnell, edited by Daniel Anlezark. U of Toronto P, 2011.

Roughton, Philip, and Pétur Már Ólafsson. Icelandic Ghost Stories. Veröld, 2013.

Ruggerini, Maria Elena. Le invettive di Loki [The Invective of Loki]. Istituto di glottologia, Università di Roma, 1979.

Russell, Laura. “The Huldufolk: An Icelandic Folktale.” Faces, vol. 16, no. 9, Carus Publishing Company, d/b/a ePals Media, May 2000, pp. 40–43.

Sävborg, Daniel, and Bek-Pedersen, Karen. Supernatural Encounters in Old Norse Literature and Tradition. Brepols, 2018.

Sayers, William. “‘ok Er Hann Einhendr’: Tÿr’s Enhanced Functionality.” Neophilologus, vol. 100, no. 2, Springer Netherlands, Apr. 2016, pp. 245–55, doi:10.1007/s11061-015-9462-4.

Schach, Paul. “Some Thoughts on Völuspá.” Edda: A Collection of Essays, edited by Haraldur Bessason and Robert J. Glenndinning. Uof Manitoba P, 1983, pp. 86-116.

Schjodt, Jens-Peter. More Than Mythology: Narratives, Ritual Practices & Regional Distribution in pre-Christian Scandinavian Religions. Nordic Academic Press, 2012.

Schorn, Brittany, Quinn, Judy, and Larrington, Carolyne, editors. A Handbook to Eddic Poetry: Myths and Legends of Early Scandinavia. Cambridge UP, 2016.

Sesselja Bigseth. “Spotting Elves in Iceland.” Spirituality & Health Magazine, July 2004.

Shimomiya, Tadao. Alliteration in the Poetic Edda. Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2011, doi:10.3726/978-3-0353-0095-6.

Simpson, Jacqueline. Legends of Icelandic Magicians. Published by D. S. Brewer and Rowman and Littlefield for the Folklore Society, 1975.

Söderberg, Barbro. “Lokasenna - egenheter och ålder [Loki’s Quarrel: Peculiarities and Age].” Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi, vol. 102, C. W. K. Gleerup, etc., Jan. 1987.

Solli, Brit. “Queering the Cosmology of the Vikings: A Queer Analysis of the Cult of Odin and ‘Holy White Stones.’” Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 54, no. 1-2, Taylor & Francis Group, Apr. 2008, pp. 192–208, doi:10.1080/00918360801952085.

Sveinn Yngvi Egilsson. “The Reception of Old Norse Myths in Icelandic Romanticism.” Det norrøne og det nationale. Studier i brugen af Islands gamle litteratur i nationale sammenhænge i Norge, Sverige, Island, Storbritannien, Tyskland og Danmark. Stofnun Vigdísar Finnbogadóttur í erlendum tungumálum, 2008, 103–121.

Tangherlini, Timothy R. Nordic Mythologies: Interpretations, Intersections, and Institutions. North Pinehurst Press, 2014.

Taylor, Paul Beekman. “Völundarkviđa, Þrymskviđa and the Function of Myth.” Neophilologus, vol. 78, no. 2, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Apr. 1994, pp. 263–81, doi:10.1007/BF00999658.

---. Sharing Story: Medieval Norse-English Literary Relationships. AMS Press, 1998.

Thorvaldsen, Bernt Øyvind. “Om Þrymskviða, tekstlån og tradisjon [On Thrym’s Poem, and Traditions.” Maal og minne, no. 2, 2008, pp. 142–66.

Tolley, Clive. Shamanism in Norse Myth and Magic. Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2009.

Turco, Jeffrey. “Nets and Snares: The Loki of Snorri’s Edda and the Christian Tradition.” History of Religions, vol. 56, no. 2, U of Chicago P, Nov. 2016, pp. 198–231, doi:10.1086/688214.

Turville-Petre, E. O. G. “Dreams in Icelandic Tradition.” Folklore, vol. 69, Folklore Society, Jan. 1958.

---. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.

Unnur Jökulsdóttir, and Árni Einarsson. Hefurðu séð huldufólk?: ferðasaga [Have You Seen the Hidden People?: An Itinerary]. Mál og menning, 2007.

van Hamel, A.G. “The Prose Frame of Lokasenna.” Neophilologus, vol. 14, No. 1, 1929, pp. 204-214.

Vilborg Davíðsdóttir. “Elves on the Move: Midwinter Mumming and House-visiting in Iceland.” Masks and mumming in the nordic area, edited by Terry Gunnell, Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur, 2007, pp. 643–666.

von Schnurbein, Stefanie. “Function of Loki in Snorri Sturluson’s ‘Edda.’” History of Religions, vol. 40, no. 2, 2000, pp. 109-124.

---. “Shamanism in the Old Norse Tradition: A Theory Between Ideological Camps.” History of Religions, vol. 43, no. 2, U of Chicago P, Nov. 2003, pp. 116–38, doi:10.1086/423007.

von See, Klaus. Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda [Comments on the Songs of the Edda]. Universitätsverlag Winter, 1997.

---. Europa und der Norden im Mittelalter [Europe and the North in the Middle Ages]. C. Winter, 1999.

Wanner, Kevin J. “Cunning Intelligence in Norse Myth: Loki, Inn, and the Limits of Sovereignty.” History of Religions, vol. 48, no. 3, U of Chicago P, Feb. 2009, pp. 211–46, doi:10.1086/598231.

---. Snorri Sturluson and the Edda: The Conversion of Cultural Capital in Medieval Scandinavia. U of Toronto P, 2008.

---. “Sewn Lips, Propped Jaws, and a Silent Áss (or Two): Doing Things with Mouths in Norse Myth.” JEGP, vol. 111, no. 1, 2012, pp. 1-24.

Warnica, Richard. “Help Your elf (Iceland).” Maclean’s, vol. 125, no. 21, Rogers Publishing Ltd., June 2012.

Wawn, Andrew, Johnson, Graham, and Walter, John, editors. Constructing Nations, Reconstructing Myth: Essays in Honour of T. A. Shippey. Brepols, 2007.

Wawn, Andrew, editor. Northern Antiquity: The Post-Medieval Reception of Edda and Saga. Hisarlik Press, 1994.

---. “The Post-Medieval Reception of Old Norse and Old Icelandic Literature.” A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture, edited by Rory McTurk. Wiley-Blackwell, 2005, pp. 320-337.

---. The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old North in 19th-Century Britain. D. S. Brewer, 2000.

Wellendorf, Jonas. “Homogeneity and Heterogeneity in Old Norse Cosmology.” Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives, edited by A. Andrén et al., 2006, pp. 50-53.

Wiener, Harvey S., and John Lindow. Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. Oxford University Press USA - OSO, 2002.

Wolf, Kirsten. “The Colors of the Rainbow in Snorri’s Edda.” Maal Og Minne, vol. 1, Jan. 2007, pp. 51–62.

Zarins, Kimberly. “The Eddas: Iceland’s Books of Lore.” Calliope, vol. 13, no. 5, Cobblestone Publishing, a division of Carus Publishing Company, Jan. 2003.

4. Scholarship on Icelandic Sagas

Abram, Christopher. “Bee-Wolf and the Hand of Victory: Identifying the Heroes of Beowulf and Vǫlsunga Saga.” JEGP, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 116, no. 4, 2017, pp. 387–414.

Anderson, Randi. Moderate Heroism in the Icelandic Outlaw Saga: Social Memory in the Sagas of Egil, Grettir and Gisli. South Dakota State University. 2011.

Andersson, Theodore M. The Problem of Icelandic Saga Origins. Yale University Press. 1964.

---. The Icelandic Family Saga: An Analytic Reading. Harvard UP, 1967.

---. “The Displacement of the Heroic Ideal in the Family Sagas.” Speculum, vol. 45, 1970, pp. 575-93.

---. The Growth of the Medieval Icelandic Sagas (1180-1280). Cornell UP, 2006.

---. “From News to Narrative: Escape Tales in Medieval Iceland.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 86, no. 4, U of Illinois P, Dec. 2014, pp. 379–97, doi:10.5406/scanstud.86.4.0379.

---. “Bjarni Guðnason, Túlkun Heiðarvígasögu (Book Review).” Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 94, no. 3, U of Illinois P, etc., 1 July 1995.

Anlezark, Daniel, editor. Myths, Legends, and Heroes: Essays on Old Norse and Old English Literature. U of Toronto P, 2011.

Annelise Marie, Duncan. A Study of Ethics and Concepts of Justice in two Sagas of Icelandic Outlaws. University Microfilms Inc. 1969.

Antón, Teodoro. “Rituales mágicos en la religión nórdica precristiana: El seiðr en la Saga de Gísli Súrsson/Magic Rituals in Pre-Christian Nordic Religion: seiðr in The Saga of Gísli Súrsson.” ‘Ilu, Revista de Ciencias de las Religiones, vol. 14, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Jan. 2009, pp. 87–100.

Ármann Jakobsson. “The Specter of Old Age: Nasty Old Men in the Sagas of Icelanders.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 104, no. 3, U of Illinois P, July 2005, pp. 297–325.

---. “The Fearless Vampire Killers: A Note About the Icelandic Draugr and Demonic Contamination in Grettis Saga.” Folklore, vol. 120, no. 3, TF, Dec. 2009, pp. 307–16, doi:10.1080/00155870903219771.

---. “Beast and Man: Realism and the Occult in Egils Saga.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 83, no. 1, U of Illinois P, Apr. 2011, pp. 29–44, doi:10.1353/scd.2011.0013.

---. “Vampires and Watchmen: Categorizing the Mediaeval Icelandic Undead.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 110, no. 3, U of Illinois P, July 2011, pp. 281–300, doi:10.5406/jenglgermphil.110.3.0281.

---. Nine Saga Studies: The Critical Interpretations of the Icelandic Sagas. Reykjavik. University of Iceland Press, 2013.

Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir. “Gunnarr and the Snake Pit in Medieval Art and Legend.” Speculum, vol. 87, no. 4, U of Chicago P, pp. 1015–49, doi:10.1017/S0038713412003144.

Barraclough, Eleanor Roseamund. “Grettis Saga Asmundarsonar and Gisla saga Surssonar: Landscape in the Outlaw Sagas.” Scandinavian Studies, Vol. 82, No 4, Winter 2010. 365-388.

Barber, Paul. Vampires, Burial, and Death: Folklore and Reality. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. 1988.

Bjarni Einarsson. “On the Role of Verse in Saga-Literature.” Mediaeval Scandinavia, vol. 7, 1974, pp. 118-25.

Bjarni Guðnason. Túlkun Heiðarvígasögu [Interpretation of the Heath-Slaying Sagas]. Bókmenntafræðistofnun Háskola Íslands, 1993.

Boberg, Inger M. Motif-index of Early Icelandic Literature. Munksgaard, 1966.

Borovsky, Zoe. “‘En hone r blandin mjök’: Women and Insults in Old Norse Literature.” The Cold Counsel: The Women in Old Norse Literature and Myth, edited by Sarah M. Anderson and Karen Swenson, Routledge, 2002.

Brady, Lindy. “An Irish Sovereignty Motif in Laxdola Saga.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 88, no. 1, U of Illinois P, Mar. 2016, pp. 60–76, doi:10.5406/scanstud.88.1.60.

Bullitta, Dario. Niðrstigningar Saga: Sources, Transmission, and Theology of the Old Norse “Descent into Hell”. U of Toronto P, 2017.

Byock, Jesse L. Feud in the Icelandic Saga. U of California P, 1993.

---. “The Skull and Bones in Egils saga: A Viking, A Grave, and Paget’s Disease.” Viator, vol. 24, University of California Press Books Division, Jan. 1993.

---. “Social Memory and the Sagas: The Case of Egils saga. (Critical Essay).” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 76, no. 3, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Sept. 2004, pp. 299–316.

Callow, Chris. “Putting women in their place? Gender and landscape in Landnámabók.” Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, vol. 7, 2011, pp. 7-28.

Chadwick, N. K. “Norse Ghosts (A Study in the Draugr and the Haugbúi).” Folklore, Vol. 57, No. 2 , June 1946, pp. 50-65.

Clover, Carol J. “The Germanic Context of the Unferþ Episode.” Speculum, vol. 55, no. 3, 1980, pp. 444–468.

---. Medieval Saga. Cornell UP, 1982.

---. “Hildigunnr´s Lament.” Structure and Meaning in Old Norse Literature: New Approaches to Textual Analysis and Literary Criticism, edited by John Lindow et al., Odense UP, 1986.

---. “The Politics of Scarcity: Notes on the Sex Ratio in Early Scandinavia.” New Readings on Women in Old English Literature, eds. Helen Damico and Alexandra Hennessey Olsen, Indiana UP, 1990, pp. 100-134.

---. “Regardless of Sex: Men, Women, and Power in Early Northern Europe.” Speculum, vol. 68, no. 2, Medieval Academy of America, Apr. 1993, pp. 363–387, doi:10.2307/2864557.

---, and Lindow, John. Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: a Critical Guide. Cornell UP, 1985.

Cook, Robert. “The Character of Gunnlaug Serpent-Tongue.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 43, no. 1, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Jan. 1971, pp. 1–21.

---. “The Reader in Grettis Saga.” Saga-Book of the Viking Society. Vol 21, 1982-1985. 133-154.

---. “Heroes and Heroism in Njáls saga.” Greppaminni: rit til heiðurs Vésteini Ólasyni sjötugum, Hið Íslenska Bókmenntafélag, 2009.

Davidson, Hilda R. Ellis. “Hostile Magic in the Icelandic Sagas.” The Witch Figure: Essays in Honour of Katharine M. Briggs, edited by Venitia Newall. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.

De Looze, Laurence. “The Outlaw Poet, The Poetic Outlaw: Self-Consciousness in Grettis Saga Asmundarsonar.” Arkiv för nordisk filologi, vol. 106, 1991, pp. 85-103.

Deangelo, Jeremy. “The North and the Depiction of the Finnar in the Icelandic Sagas.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 82, no. 3, U of Illinois P, Oct. 2010, pp. 257–86.

Dubois, Thomas A. “Magic and Witchcraft Historicized, Localized, and Ethnicized: A Response to Stephen Mitchell’s ‘Witchcraft and Magic in the Nordic Middle Ages.’” Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft, vol. 8, no. 1, U of Pennsylvania P, 2013, pp. 82–89, doi:10.1353/mrw.2013.0000.

Felce, Ian. William Morris and the Icelandic Sagas. D. S. Brewer, 2018.

Finch, R. “The Treatment of Poetic Sources by the Compiler of Vǫlsunga Saga.’” Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 16, Viking Society, Jan. 1962.

Finlay, Alison. “Interpretation or Over-Interpretation? The Dating of Two Islendingasögur.” Gripla, vol. 14, 2003, pp. 61-91.

---. “‘Níð’, adultery and feud in Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa.” Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 23, no. 3, Viking Society, Jan. 1991.

Fjalldal, Magnús. “How Valid Is the Anglo-Scandinavian Language Passage in Gunnlaug’s Saga as Historical Evidence?” Neophilologus, vol. 77, no. 4, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Oct. 1993, pp. 601–09, doi:10.1007/BF00999968.

---. The Long Arm of Coincidence. The Frustrated Connection between Beowulf and Grettis Saga. University of Toronto Press. 1998.

Gallo, Lorenzo Lozzi. “The Giantess as Foster-Mother in Old Norse Literature.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 78, no. 1, 2006, pp. 1-20.

Garipzanov, Ildar H., and Bonté, Rosalind. Conversion and Identity in the Viking Age. Brepols Publishers n.v., 2014.

Gísli Pálsson, “The Name of the Witch: Sagas, Sorcery, and Social Context,” Social Approaches to Viking Studies, edited by R. Samson, Cruithne Press, 1991.

Glendinning J. Robert. “Grettis Saga and European Literature in the Late Middle Ages.” Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, Winter 1970. 49-61.

Gos, Giselle. “Women as a Source of heilræði, ‘sound counsel’: Social Mediation and Community Integration in Fóstbrœðra saga.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 108, no. 3, 2009, pp. 281–300.

Gottzmann, Carola L. Njáls saga: Rechtsproblematik im Dienste sozio-kultureller Deutung [Njal’s Saga: Legal Problems in the Duty of Socio-cultural Interpretaion]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1982.

Guðrún Nordal. Skaldic Versifying and Social Discrimination in Medieval Iceland. London. Viking Society for Northern Research, 2003.

Gylfi Gunnlaugsson. “You, Grettir, Are My Nation: On Matthias Jochumsson’s Grettisljóð.” Det norrøne og det nationale: Studier i brugen af Islands gamle litteratur i nationale sammehænge i Norge, Sverige, Island, Storbritannien, Tyskland og Danmark. Edited by Annette Lassen. Reykjavík, 2008.

Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der, and Dietrich. Nordische Heldenromane [Nordic Hero Novels]. J. Max, 1815.

Hamer, Andrew. “It seemed to me that the sweetest light of my eyes had been extinguished.” Introductory Essays on Egils saga and Njáls saga, eds. John Hines and Desmond Slay. Viking Society for Northern Research, 1992, pp. 93-101.

Harris, Joseph C. “Eddic Poetry as Oral Poetry: The Evidence of Parallel Passages in the Helgi Poems For Questions of Composition and Performance.” Edda: A Collection of Essays, edited by Robert J. Glendinning and Haraldur Bessason, U Manitoba P, 1983, pp. 210-42.

Hastrup, Kirsten. Island of Anthropology: Studies in Past and Present Iceland. Odense: Odense University Press 1990.

Hawes, Janice. “The Monstrosity of Heroism: Grettir Ásmundarson as an Outsider.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 80, no. 1, U of Illinois P, Apr. 2008, pp. 19–50.

Heide, Eldar. Áns Saga Bogsveigis: A Counterfactual Egils saga and yet Another Twist on the Myth of Þórr’s Visit to Útgarða-Loki. Universitetsforlaget, 2018.

Heinemann, Fredrik. “Intertextuality in Bjarnar Saga Hítdœlakappa.” Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 23, no. 6, Viking Society, Jan. 1993,

Heinrichs, Anne. “Hallgerðrs saga in der Njála: Der doppelte Blick [Hallgerd’s Story in Njal’s Saga: The Duplicate View].” Studien zum Altgermanischen: Festschrift für Rolf Heller, edited by Heinrich Beck and Else Ebel, de Gruyter, 1994, pp. 327-53.

Helga Kress. “Taming the Shrew: The Rise of Patriarchy and the Subordination of the Feminine in Old Norse Literature.” Cold Counsel: Women in Old Norse Literature and Mythology, edited by Sarah M. Anderson and Karen Swenson, Routledge, 2002, pp. 81-92.

Heller, Rolf. Die literarische Darstellung der frau in den Isländersagas [The Literary Representation of Women in the Icelandic Sagas]. Max Niemeyer, 1958.

Hermann Pálsson. “Drög að siðfræði Grettis sögu [A Draft of Ethics in Grettir’s Saga].” Tímarit Máls og menningar, Dec. 1969.

---. Art and Ethics in Hrafnkel’s Saga. Munksgaard, 1971.

---. Leyndarmál Laxdælu [The Secret of Laxdæla]. Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjóðs, 1986.

---. Mannfræði Hrafnkels sögu og frumþættir [Anthropology of Hrafnkel’s Saga and Primary Components]. Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjóðs, 1988.

---. Oral Tradition and Saga Writing. Fassbaender, 1999.

---. Uppruni Njálu og hugmyndir [Origin of Njal’s Saga and Thoughts]. Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjóðs, 1984.

---. Vínlandið góða og írskar ritningar [The Vinland Chiefs and Irish Scriptures]. Háskólaútgáfan, 2001.

---. “Glámsýni í Grettlu [Optical Delusion in Grettir’s Saga].” Gripla, Jan. 1980.

--- and Baldur Hafstað. Grettis saga og íslensk siðmenning [Grettir’s Saga and Icelandic Civilization]. Hofi, 2002.

Herrmann, Paul. Isländische Heldenromane [Icelandic Hero Novels]. Neuausg. / mit Nachwort von Siegfried Gutenbrunner., Eugen Diederichs, 1966.

Hollander, Lee M. “The Structure of Eyrbyggja saga.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 58, no. 2, 1959, pp. 222-227.

Höyersten, J G. “The berserks - what was wrong with them?” Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening, vol. 124, no. 24, 2004, pp. 3247–50.

Hudson, Helen Mundy. The Narrative Art of Grettis Saga. University of Washington Press. 1983.

Huth, Dirk. Sagas aus Ostisland: die Hrafnkels Saga und andere Geschichten von Macht und Fehde [Sagas from Eastern Iceland: Hrafnkel’s Saga and Other Stories of Might and Feud]. Diederichs, 1999.

Hume, Kathryn. “From Saga to Romance: The Use of Monsters in Old Norse Literature.” Studies in Philology, vol. 77, no. 1, U of North Carolina P, etc., Jan. 1980, pp. 1–25.

---. “The Thematic Design of Grettis saga.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 73, no. 4, 1974, pp. 469-486.

---. Fantasy and Mimesis: Responses to Reality in Western Literature. New York: Methuen, 1984.

Jesch, Judith. “Two Lost Sagas.” Saga Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. 21, Viking Society, Jan. 1982, http://search.proquest.com/docview/1308890967/.

---. Women in the Viking Age. Boydell Press, 1991.

Jochens, Jenny. “Before the Male Gaze: The Absence of the Female Body in Old Norse.” Sex in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays, edited by Joyce E. Salisbury, Garland Publishing, 1991, pp. 3 - 29.

---. Women in Old Norse Society. Cornell UP, 1995.

---. Old Norse Images of Women. U of Pennsylvania P, 1996.

Johanna Katrin Fridriksdottir. “Women’s Weapons a Re-Evaluation of Magic in the Islendingasogur. (Critical Essay).” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 81, no. 4, Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, Dec. 2009, pp. 409–36.

Jón Þorkelsson. Skýringar á vísum í Grettis sögu [Explanations of the Wisdom in Grettir’s Saga]. [s.n.], 1871.

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